Experimental design and response surface method in geothermal energy: A comprehensive study in probabilistic resource assessment

Geothermics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 101869
Author(s):  
Heru Berian Pratama ◽  
Marchel Christian Supijo ◽  
Sutopo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Response Surface Method ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Comprehensive Study

scholarly journals Parametric Optimization of Earth to Air Heat Exchanger Using Response Surface Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maoz Maoz ◽  
Saddam Ali ◽  
Noor Muhammad ◽  
Ahmad Amin ◽  
Mohammad Sohaib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Response Surface Method ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Pipe Length ◽  
Surface Method

The achievement of sustainable energy goals warrants keen interest in promoting efficient buildings and renewable energy resources. Prominent among the energy-efficient building technologies is geothermal energy, which has a significant margin for improving energy utilization related to Heat, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC). However, the efficient extraction of geothermal energy for HVAC applications requires stringent control of geometric parameters, boundary conditions, and environmental conditions. In this study a new approach has been devised to optimize the open loop Earth to Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) system using a statistical optimization technique i.e., Response Surface Method (RSM). The study was conducted in the soil and weather conditions of Peshawar city in Pakistan. Parametric analysis was conducted for the three influencing variables, i.e., the pipe length, diameter, and air velocity using the EAHE model. The soil model predicts temperature in the range 20–26 °C for Peshawar at a depth above 3 m. Response Surface method was used to optimize the pipe length, diameter, and air velocity of the EAHE system. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicates that all the three factors are significant. The EAHE system can effectively reduce the temperature by 15–18 °C and compensate the cooling load of single room for the parameters in the ranges of 50–70 m for the length, 0.18–0.25 m for the diameter, and 5–7 ms−1 for the air velocity. A regression equation is developed to predict the cooling load for any input values of the three influencing variables according to the weather and soil conditions.

scholarly journals Optimasi nisbah natrium nitrat : urea dan konsentrasi nitrogen pada kultivasi Spirulina platensis untuk produksi protein dan pigmen fikosianin

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizki KURNIAWATI ◽  
Swastika PRAHARYAWAN ◽  
. TRI-PANJI
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Response Surface Method ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
N Source ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Metabolites Production

The need of nitrogen (N) for the growth of Spirulina platensis and the production of protein and phycocyanin pigment is influenced by the type of source and the concentration of N contained in the growing media. Spirulina platensis can assimilate various N sources, including nitrate (NO3-) and urea. Urea is a cheap N source and easy to be obtained. Urea can also have a role as potential N source to support the growth and the metabolites production of cyanobacteria S. platensis. Partial substitution of N source (NO3‑) to urea in Zarrouk medium for S. platensis cultivation has not been conducted before. This study was aiming at determining the optimum ratio of NaNO3 : CO(NH2)2 and the optimum N concentration in the Zarrouk medium for protein and phycocyanin production by S. platensis. Response Surface Method (RSM)-one factor experimental design was employed in this study for determining the optimum N concentration at specific N concentration range and optimum ratio of N source that had been previously determined. The results demonstrated that the optimum ratio of NaNO3 : CO(NH2)2 for protein and phycocyanin production was 1:1. The optimum N concentration for protein and phycocyanin pigment production in S. platensis cultivation were 5.13 mmol L-1 and 4.94 mmol L-1 with the increament in about 51.95% and 25.16%, respectively, compared to the standar Zarrouk medium.Kebutuhan unsur nitrogen (N) untuk pertumbuhan Spirulina platensis serta produksi protein dan pigmen fikosianin dipengaruhi oleh jenis sumber dan konsentrasi N yang terkandung dalam media tumbuh. Spirulina platensis dapat mengasimilasi berbagai sumber N, termasuk nitrat (NO3-) dan urea. Urea merupakan sumber N yang murah dan mudah diperoleh. Urea juga dapat berperan sebagai sumber N potensial untuk mendukung pertumbuhan dan produksi metabolit pada sianobakteria S. platensis. Substitusi sebagian sumber N (NaNO3) oleh urea dalam media Zarrouk untuk kultivasi S. platensis belum banyak dilakukan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nisbah NaNO3 : CO(NH2)2 dan konsentrasi N optimum yang diperlukan dalam media Zarrouk untuk produksi protein dan fikosianin oleh S. platensis. Desain eksperimen RSM-one factor digunakan dalam penentuan konsentrasi N optimum pada rentang konsentrasi N dan nisbah sumber N optimum yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nisbah NaNO3 : CO(NH2)2 optimum untuk meningkatkan kandungan protein dan pigmen fikosianin S. platensis adalah 1:1. Konsentrasi N optimum untuk produksi protein dan pigmen fikosianin pada kultivasi S. platensis ialah 5,13 mmol L-1 dan 4,94 mmol L-1 dengan peningkatan sebesar 51,95% dan 25,16%, secara berturut-turut, bila dibandingkan dengan saat dikultivasi menggunakan media Zarrouk standar.

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