scholarly journals Roving oddball paradigm elicits sensory gating, frequency sensitivity, and long-latency response in common marmosets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie A. O’Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Gating ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Frequency Sensitivity ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Latency Response

scholarly journals Transient Responses of Rabbit Retinal Ganglion Cells to Photic and Electrical Stimuli

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Molotchnikoff
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Electrical Activation ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Transient Responses ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Latency Response ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Inhibitory Period

SUMMARY:The relationships between the center and the surround of the receptive field of the rabbit retinal ganglion cell were investigated. This was done by coupling localized light spots and electrical activation of the retina and by analyzing the time of the excitatory and inhibitory periods. The responsiveness to the electrical transretinal pulse revealed a) that ON stimulation in OFF-center cells and OFF stimulation in ON-center cells, elicited a primary period of inhibition with a short latency; b) the long latency response of surround stimulation was not preceded by an inhibitory period unless the center was simultaneously stimulated in the same direction; c) a transient response to a stationary spot of light is followed by a period of inhibition. These results are discussed in relation to the known cellular retinal networks.

scholarly journals Temporal Evolution of “Automatic Gain-Scaling”

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 992-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Andrew Pruszynski ◽  
Isaac Kurtzer ◽  
Timothy P. Lillicrap ◽  
Stephen H. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
State Activity ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Short Latency Response ◽  
Latency Response ◽  
Steady State Activity

The earliest neural response to a mechanical perturbation, the short-latency stretch response (R1: 20–45 ms), is known to exhibit “automatic gain-scaling” whereby its magnitude is proportional to preperturbation muscle activity. Because gain-scaling likely reflects an intrinsic property of the motoneuron pool (via the size-recruitment principle), counteracting this property poses a fundamental challenge for the nervous system, which must ultimately counter the absolute change in load regardless of the initial muscle activity (i.e., show no gain-scaling). Here we explore the temporal evolution of gain-scaling in a simple behavioral task where subjects stabilize their arm against different background loads and randomly occurring torque perturbations. We quantified gain-scaling in four elbow muscles (brachioradialis, biceps long, triceps lateral, triceps long) over the entire sequence of muscle activity following perturbation onset—the short-latency response, long-latency response (R2: 50–75 ms; R3: 75–105 ms), early voluntary corrections (120–180 ms), and steady-state activity (750–1250 ms). In agreement with previous observations, we found that the short-latency response demonstrated substantial gain-scaling with a threefold increase in background load resulting in an approximately twofold increase in muscle activity for the same perturbation. Following the short-latency response, we found a rapid decrease in gain-scaling starting in the long-latency epoch (∼75-ms postperturbation) such that no significant gain-scaling was observed for the early voluntary corrections or steady-state activity. The rapid decrease in gain-scaling supports our recent suggestion that long-latency responses and voluntary control are inherently linked as part of an evolving sensorimotor control process through similar neural circuitry.

scholarly journals Impact of Experimental Tonic Pain on Corrective Motor Responses to Mechanical Perturbations

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Elodie Traverse ◽  
Clémentine Brun ◽  
Émilie Harnois ◽  
Catherine Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Pain Model ◽  
Voluntary Response ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Short Latency Response ◽  
Latency Response ◽  
Tonic Pain ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muscle Responses

Movement is altered by pain, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Assessing corrective muscle responses following mechanical perturbations can help clarify these underlying mechanisms, as these responses involve spinal (short-latency response, 20-50 ms), transcortical (long-latency response, 50-100 ms), and cortical (early voluntary response, 100-150 ms) mechanisms. Pairing mechanical (proprioceptive) perturbations with different conditions of visual feedback can also offer insight into how pain impacts on sensorimotor integration. The general aim of this study was to examine the impact of experimental tonic pain on corrective muscle responses evoked by mechanical and/or visual perturbations in healthy adults. Two sessions (Pain (induced with capsaicin) and No pain) were performed using a robotic exoskeleton combined with a 2D virtual environment. Participants were instructed to maintain their index in a target despite the application of perturbations under four conditions of sensory feedback: (1) proprioceptive only, (2) visuoproprioceptive congruent, (3) visuoproprioceptive incongruent, and (4) visual only. Perturbations were induced in either flexion or extension, with an amplitude of 2 or 3 Nm. Surface electromyography was recorded from Biceps and Triceps muscles. Results demonstrated no significant effect of the type of sensory feedback on corrective muscle responses, no matter whether pain was present or not. When looking at the effect of pain on corrective responses across muscles, a significant interaction was found, but for the early voluntary responses only. These results suggest that the effect of cutaneous tonic pain on motor control arises mainly at the cortical (rather than spinal) level and that proprioception dominates vision for responses to perturbations, even in the presence of pain. The observation of a muscle-specific modulation using a cutaneous pain model highlights the fact that the impacts of pain on the motor system are not only driven by the need to unload structures from which the nociceptive signal is arising.

Sensory Gating Capacity and Attentional Function in Adults With ADHD: A Preliminary Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1199-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi ◽  
Régis Lopez ◽  
Michel Cermolacce ◽  
Florence Vaillant ◽  
Pauline Péri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Sensory Gating ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Objective: The inability to filter sensory input correctly may impair higher cognitive function in ADHD. However, this relationship remains largely elusive. The objectives of the present study is to investigate the relationship between sensory input processing and cognitive function in adult patients with ADHD. Method: This study investigated the relationship between deficit in sensory gating capacity (P50 amplitude changes in a double-click conditioning-testing paradigm and perceptual abnormalities related to sensory gating deficit with the Sensory Gating Inventory [SGI]) and attentional and executive function (P300 amplitude in an oddball paradigm and attentional and executive performances with a neuropsychological test) in 24 adult patients with ADHD. Results: The lower the sensory gating capacity of the brain and the higher the distractibility related to sensory gating inability that the patients reported, the lower the P300 amplitude. Conclusion: The capacity of the brain to gate the response to irrelevant incoming sensory input may be a fundamental protective mechanism that prevents the flooding of higher brain structures with irrelevant information in adult patients with ADHD.

Effect of Time and Direction Preparation on Ankle Muscle Response During Backward Translation of a Support Surface in Stance

Motor Control ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-273
Author(s):  
Masakazu Matsuoka ◽  
Hiroshi Kunimura ◽  
Koichi Hiraoka
Keyword(s):  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Random Time ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Random Direction ◽  
Ankle Muscle ◽  
Latency Response ◽  
Upcoming Event

This study investigated the effect of the time and direction preparation on the electromyographic (EMG) response of the ankle extensor to the backward translation of the support surface in stance. Fifteen healthy adult males aged 35.9 ± 6.2 years participated in this study. In the constant session, the interval between the warning cue and the onset of the backward support surface translation was constant. In the random time session, the interval was randomly assigned in each trial, but the direction was backward across the trials. In the random direction session, the direction was randomly assigned in each trial, but the interval was constant. The EMG amplitude in the time epochs 100–175 ms after translation onset in the random time session was significantly greater than that in the constant session in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles. The EMG amplitude in the time epochs 120–185 ms after translation onset in the random direction session was significantly greater than that in the constant session in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. This finding indicates that time and direction preparation reduces the late component of the ankle EMG response to backward translation of the support surface. This finding is explained by the supposed process through which uncertainty of the upcoming event causes disinhibition of response or by how time and direction preparation optimizes the magnitude of the long-latency response mediated by the transcortical pathway.

A novel long-latency response of locus coeruleus neurons to noxious stimuli: mediation by peripheral C-fibers

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1752-1761 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hirata ◽  
G. Aston-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Excitatory Response ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
C Fiber ◽  
Latency Response ◽  
Noxious Stimuli

1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from single presumed noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) in response to percutaneous electrical foot shock (FS) stimulation in the rat. We employed long-duration stimulus pulses to examine the possible contribution of peripheral C-fibers to evoked activity in LC. 2. As in previous studies, 0.5-ms FS stimuli produced a short-latency excitatory response (onset 20.8 ms) followed by a prolonged postactivation inhibition. However, 2.0- or 5.0-ms FS stimuli yielded an additional late excitatory response. 3. The onset and termination latency of this late excitatory response were approximately 200 and 400 ms, respectively, after the FS. The conduction velocity for this late response (peripheral plus central pathway) was estimated to be < 1.2 m/s. 4. The percentages of LC neurons that exhibited a significant late response was 4% (3/85) with 0.5-ms stimuli, 53% (31/59) with 2.0-ms stimuli, and 73% (47/64) with 5.0-ms FS stimuli. 5. The average number of spikes evoked per FS stimulus (presented at 0.5 Hz) increased from the 1st to the 21st FS stimulus. This increased response occurred selectively in the late, not in the early, response. This result was interpreted to represent a “windup” phenomenon reflected at the level of LC. 6. Direct application of capsaicin onto the sciatic nerve reduced the average magnitude of the late response of LC neurons to 17% of control 42.5 min after application. The magnitude of the short-latency response components showed little or no change. 7. Averaged compound action potential (cAP) recordings from the sciatic nerve revealed that C-fiber responses were more consistently observed and much larger with 5.0-ms compared with 0.5-ms FS stimuli. 8. C-fiber cAPs were reduced or eliminated after application of capsaicin distal to the recording site with a time course similar to that of the late response of LC neurons, with little or no effect on A-fiber cAPs. 9. These data show that a previously undescribed long-latency response of LC neurons to noxious FS stimulation in rat results from C-fiber activation in the sciatic nerve. This late response may be involved in generating descending noradrenergic analgesia induced by electrical stimulation of the foot pad or other body regions. Future studies of the pharmacology of this late response to noxious stimuli in LC may aid in developing new therapies for the treatment of acute or chronic pain.

Development of Aided Long-Latency Response (ALLR) in Children With Cochlear Implant Within 18 Months of Implantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-404
Author(s):  
Theertha Dinesh K.C. ◽  
◽  
Megha Sasidharan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Latency Response
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