scholarly journals Metabolic cost of feeding in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) larvae using microcalorimetry

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artie McCollum ◽  
Jessica Geubtner ◽  
Ione Hunt von Herbing
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract A microcalorimeter that measures total heat output (μW) was used to determine total metabolic rate (aerobic and anaerobic) and the cost of feeding (specific dynamic action, SDA) in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from hatching to 4 weeks post-hatch at 10°C. Total heat output increased throughout development from 2.14 μW at first-feeding to 23.72 μW at 4 weeks post-hatch. SDA was determined by comparing the total heat output among unfed larvae and fed larvae simultaneously. Total heat output increased in the first 2 h after feeding with rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and Artemia, remained high for up to 10 h, was significantly higher in fed larvae than in unfed larvae, and ranged from 16.56 μW at first-feeding to 47.84 μW at 4 weeks post-hatch. The differences in total heat output between unfed and fed larvae were 14.42 μW and 24.12 μW, representing an increase in metabolic cost of feeding by a factor of 1.67 over the first 4 weeks of larval life. That the metabolic cost of feeding increased with development and remained elevated suggests that cod larvae allocate a large part of their energy budget to growth in order to meet the demands of their fast growth rates.

Effect of cultivated copepods (Acartia tonsa) in first-feeding of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Øie ◽  
T. Galloway ◽  
M. Sørøy ◽  
M. Holmvaag Hansen ◽  
I.A. Norheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Acartia Tonsa ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Labrus Bergylta

Muscle growth and development in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.), related to different somatic growth rates

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (15) ◽  
pp. 2111-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Galloway ◽  
E. Kjorsvik ◽  
H. Kryvi
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Feeding

The present study describes the development of the axial musculature in first-feeding larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different somatic growth rates achieved by using different nutritional conditions. Muscle growth was assessed by determining the number of muscle fibres (hyperplasia) and the growth of existing fibres (hypertrophy). Larvae were fed rotifers containing a high (1. 4; treatment 1) or low (0.2; treatment 2) ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid from day 5 after hatching. From day 17, the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii with the same enrichment in both treatments. Treatment 1 gave the highest somatic growth rate and hence the highest dry mass at the end of the experiment, but no difference in larval standard length was found between treatments. In slow-growing larvae, higher priority was thus put into reaching a certain length than into increasing muscle mass. The largest fibres, which were present from hatching, increased in cross-sectional area during larval development, but no differences were found between treatments in the cross-sectional area of individual fibres or the total cross-sectional area of these fibres at the end of the experiment. The first white recruitment fibres were observed at the dorsal and ventral apices of the myotome at approximately the onset of first feeding (larval length 4.5 mm). In larvae 8.5 mm long, the total cross-sectional area of white muscle fibres in the treatment 2 group was 75 % of that in the treatment 1 group. The highest somatic growth rate was associated with an increased contribution of hyperplasia to axial white muscle growth. In the faster-growing larval group, the relative contribution of hyperplasia to the total white muscle cross-sectional area was 50 %, whereas it was 41 % in the slower-growing larval group. The subsequent growth potential may thus be negatively affected by inadequate larval feeding.

Aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual Atlantic cod

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Reidy ◽  
S.R. Kerr ◽  
J.A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exercised using three different measures of swimming performance. (1) An endurance test (critical swimming speed, U(crit), protocol) designed to assess predominantly aerobic endurance swimming (duration hours). (2) An acceleration test (U(burst)), in which the fish were required to swim against a rapidly increasing current until exhausted (duration minutes). This test was designed to assess predominantly glycolytic-based swimming capacity. (3) A sprint test that examined the animals' ability to swim away from a sudden stimulus (duration seconds). Rates of oxygen consumption (mdot (O2)) during the endurance test and various morphological variables of the individual fish were also measured. Both aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual cod were found to be significantly repeatable over a 3 month period. mdot (O2) during the U(crit) protocol was also significantly repeatable at intermediate to high swimming speeds, but not at low speeds. Our results support extrapolation from metabolic rates at incremented swimming speeds to zero activity as the best way to measure standard metabolic rate in cod. While performance in the U(crit) test and the sprint test were positively correlated, there was a negative correlation between performance in the U(crit) test and performance in the U(burst) test. This implies a potential trade-off in individual cod between stamina and the ability to use glycolytic-based locomotion. Inter-individual variation in swimming performance during these protocols, while substantial, was not correlated with individual variation in fin surface areas, age or morphology. However, U(burst) performance was dependent upon the sex of the animals, while performance during the U(crit) protocol was significantly correlated with their aerobic scope for activity.

A strategy to detect fish discarding by combining onboard and onshore sampling

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2955-2963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Allard ◽  
Ghislain A Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Sampling Distribution ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Conservation Problem ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

Discarding of small fish is considered to be an important conservation problem and has become illegal in some fisheries. We present a cost-efficient strategy to help enforce regulations against discarding. A discarding indicator is defined using the change in slope between two reference points on the empirical length-frequency density of the catch. This discarding indicator is then used according to the external distribution concept: the sampling distribution of the discarding indicator, when no discarding occurred, is obtained directly from samples taken by onboard observers; the value of the discarding indicator observed by onshore observers from a boat not covered by onboard observers is then compared with this sampling distribution. This procedure offers a nonparametric test for discarding. Application of the strategy is illustrated using data from the 1991 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fishery in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. We describe several enforcement frameworks within which the method can be applied. The cost efficiency of the strategy comes from shifting resources from high-cost onboard observation to lower cost onshore observation.

Transcriptional effects on glutathione S-transferases in first feeding Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae exposed to crude oil

Chemosphere ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Olsvik ◽  
T. Nordtug ◽  
D. Altin ◽  
K.K. Lie ◽  
I. Overrein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

Conservation of Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) in North America: science, successes, and challenges1This review is part of the virtual symposium “Flagship Species – Flagship Problems” that deals with ecology, biodiversity and management issues, and climate impacts on species at risk and of Canadian importance, including the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus).

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Gratto-Trevor ◽  
S. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Piping Plover ◽  
Charadrius Melodus ◽  
Predator Management ◽  
Piping Plovers ◽  
The Cost

There are only about 8000 Piping Plovers ( Charadrius melodus Ord, 1834) in existence. Because they depend on environments that are under intense human pressures and controls in both their breeding and wintering grounds, these birds and their habitats are highly managed in many areas across their range. Efforts to recover this endangered and threatened species have engaged thousands of people from Newfoundland to the Caribbean, and have provoked a ground-swell of public support and, at times, fury, as well as a considerable body of research. Although populations have increased substantially in the U.S. Atlantic and U.S. Great Lakes, this is not true of all regions. Significant issues still exist with respect to the efficacy of predator management; need for more accurate model input information; effects of climate, pollutants, and water management; habitat loss and degradation from recreation and development; and whether the cost and effort of management for this species can be maintained or increased where needed.

scholarly journals First feed affects the expressions of microRNA and their targets in Atlantic cod

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1145-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teshome Tilahun Bizuayehu ◽  
Tomasz Furmanek ◽  
Ørjan Karlsen ◽  
Terje van der Meeren ◽  
Rolf Brudvik Edvardsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Data ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirna

AbstractTo our knowledge, there is no report on microRNA (miRNA) expression and their target analysis in relation to the type of the first feed and its effect on the further growth of fish. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae have better growth and development performance when fed natural zooplankton as a start-feed, as compared with those fed typical aquaculture start-feeds. In our experiment, two groups of Atlantic cod larvae were fed reference feed (zooplankton, mostly copepods, filtered from a seawater pond) v. aquaculture feeds: enriched rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and later brine shrimp (Artemia salina). We examined the miRNA expressions of six defined developmental stages as determined and standardised by body length from first feeding for both diet groups. We found eight miRNA (miR-9, miR-19a, miR-130b, miR-146, miR-181a, miR-192, miR-206 and miR-11240) differentially expressed between the two feeding groups in at least one developmental stage. We verified the next-generation sequencing data using real-time RT-PCR. We found 397 putative targets (mRNA) to the differentially expressed miRNA; eighteen of these mRNA showed differential expression in at least one stage. The patterns of differentially expressed miRNA and their putative target mRNA were mostly inverse, but sometimes also concurrent. The predicted miRNA targets were involved in different pathways, including metabolic, phototransduction and signalling pathways. The results of this study provide new nutrigenomic information on the potential role of miRNA in mediating nutritional effects on growth during the start-feeding period in fish larvae.

Effects of temperature on specific dynamic action in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn Tirsgaard ◽  
Jon Christian Svendsen ◽  
John Fleng Steffensen
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Dynamic Action ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

scholarly journals Growth, survival, and development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) weaned onto diets containing various sources of marine protein

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Opstad ◽  
J. Suontama ◽  
E. Langmyhr ◽  
R.E. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Liver Index ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Marine Protein

Abstract We studied the effects of partial or complete substitution of fishmeal with alternative sources of marine protein (amphipod or krill meal) on growth, survival, liver index, and deformities of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.). The diets contained either 100% fishmeal or fishmeal that was replaced with 25%, 50%, or 100% amphipod meal or 50% or 100% Antarctic krill meal. Cod larvae were start-fed on rotifers and weaned directly to one of the six formulated feeds at a mean wet weight of 28 mg, 40 days post first-feeding. The mean weight of fish reared on different diets at the end of the experiment ranged from 0.92 to 2.52 g. The best growth was obtained by cod fed 100% fishmeal and 50% krill meal. There was a trend in the direction of slower growth with increasing levels of amphipod meal in the diets. Survival ranged from 87% to 79%, and there was a tendency for higher mortality with increasing content of amphipod meal. The liver index varied between 11.7% and 9.9%. The composition of the diets also had a significant influence on the occurrence of skeletal deformities. The highest proportion of deformities (16% of all fish) was in fish fed 100% amphipod meal, decreasing as the proportion of amphipod meal in the diets declined. A similar effect was not seen with Antarctic krill meal. The amphipod meal had a high content of ash, fluoride, cadmium, and mercury, which may have caused the deformities.

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