Recent evidence supports the view that the sympathetic system actively participates in the development of hypertension. Because norepinephrine, contained within central neurons involved in cardiovascular sympathetic regulation, is known to coexist with neuropeptide Y, it is possible that a functional interaction between neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine exists within the brain. In an effort to clarify whether or not central catecholamine systems are modulated by neuropeptide Y in hypertensive situations, the paraventricular nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats was exposed to neuropeptide Y (10(-9) M), and levels of norepinephrine were sampled by microdialysis. Norepinephrine levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats were significantly increased and did not change after exposure to neuropeptide Y, in sharp contrast to the decreases seen in Wistar-Kyoto controls. To ascertain whether these alterations in norepinephrine control were specific to the model used, a similar series of experiments was carried out in the paraventricular nucleus of aortic-banded rats. These studies supported the previous findings. Norepinephrine levels in aortic-banded rats were markedly elevated when compared with sham-operated controls and demonstrated no change after exposure to neuropeptide Y, whereas decreases of > 50% were seen in sham-operated controls. These results support the view that mechanisms normally involving neuropeptide Y as a neuromodulator in the paraventricular nucleus are altered in hypertensive situations. It is suggested that hypertension may precipitate changes in mechanisms involving brain neuropeptide Y and increased sympathetic activity.
Pomegranate extract decreases oxidative stress and alleviates mitochondrial impairment by activating AMPK-Nrf2 in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats
