Self-efficacy and interest in STEM subjects as predictors of the STEM gender gap in the US: The role of unobserved heterogeneity

2021 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 101821
Author(s):  
Chris Sakellariou ◽  
Zheng Fang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
The Us

scholarly journals The Opt-In Revolution? Contraception and the Gender Gap in Wages

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J Bailey ◽  
Brad Hershbein ◽  
Amalia R Miller
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Career Paths ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
The Us ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Decades of research on the US gender gap in wages describes its correlates, but little is known about why women changed their career paths in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper explores the role of “the Pill” in altering women's human capital investments and its ultimate implications for life-cycle wages. Using state-by-birth-cohort variation in legal access, we show that younger access to the Pill conferred an 8 percent hourly wage premium by age 50. Our estimates imply that the Pill can account for 10 percent of the convergence of the gender gap in the 1980s and 30 percent in the 1990s. (JEL J13, J16, J31, J71, J24)

Millennial social entrepreneurial intent and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy: a comparative entrepreneurship study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-43
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Juanita Trusty ◽  
Tatiana Goroshnikova ◽  
Louise Kelly ◽  
Kwok K. Kwong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intent ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Comparative Entrepreneurship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to propose and test predictors of millennials’ social entrepreneurial intent (SEI), mediating mechanisms and influential contextual factors. Design/methodology/approach This study includes survey data from 1,890 respondents, 315 each from China, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Russia and the USA. Findings Empirical results show that social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (SESE) mediated the relationship between perseverance and proactive personality and the dependent variable SEI in all six countries. Life satisfaction positively moderated this relationship among US students and negatively moderated it among Chinese students. In China dissatisfaction appears to enhance SEI, while in the US satisfaction appears to do so. Originality/value This paper identifies the mediating role of SESE and the moderating role of life satisfaction when explaining SEI, as well as providing data from millennials in six countries.

scholarly journals Understanding the Remittance Gender Gap among Hispanics in the US: Gendered Norms and the Role of Expectations

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjin Park ◽  
María Amparo Cruz-Saco ◽  
Mónika López Anuarbe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
The Us

scholarly journals Communicating risk differences between electronic and combusted cigarettes: the role of the FDA-mandated addiction warning and a nicotine fact sheet

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Lucy Popova
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
The Us ◽  
Comparative Risk ◽  
Communicating Risk

IntroductionThe US Food and Drug Administration requires e-cigarettes to carry a nicotine addiction warning. This research compared the effects of messages communicating comparative risk of electronic and combusted cigarettes (CR messages) with and without the mandated warning and tested the effects of showing a nicotine fact sheet (NFS) before exposure to CR messages with warning.MethodIn an online experiment, 1528 US adult smokers were randomised to one of four conditions: (1) three CR messages, (2) three CR messages in condition one with an addiction warning, (3) an NFS followed by the three messages in condition 2 and (4) control messages. Outcomes included message reactions and perceived effectiveness, e-cigarette-related and cigarette-related beliefs and behavioural intentions and nicotine-related beliefs.ResultsCR messages with and without an addiction warning did not differ. The NFS condition produced higher odds of correctly understanding the risk of nicotine and stronger beliefs that switching to e-cigarettes could reduce health risks (response efficacy) than other treatments. Compared with control, all messages made it more likely for people to report e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes and increased response efficacy and switch intentions to e-cigarettes. Only NFS condition increased correct beliefs about the risk of nicotine and self-efficacy about switching to e-cigarettes.ConclusionIncluding an addiction warning on CR messages did not reduce intentions to switch to e-cigarettes. Communicating accurate risk of nicotine together with CR messages and addiction warning increased smokers’ self-efficacy beliefs about switching completely to e-cigarettes, making it a potentially promising antitobacco communication strategy.

scholarly journals The Impact of Women in Computer Science History: A Post-War American History

2019 ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Karina Mochetti
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Early Computer ◽  
The Us ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact

Women have always played an important role in Computer Science findings, but their importance has always been overshadowed by men. Nowadays, men outnumber women by 3 times on computing occupations in the US, but still women prove to be essential on the development of technological fields. This work intends to place women at the forefront of computer science’s history. In order to demonstrate that their work was essential for the development of current technologies, a broad historical overview is given. This overview is chronologically and thematically structured in several periods, from the early computer machines (before 1900) to our current digital society (after 2010). Finally, an outlook on the role of women in computing is given. A detailed discussion of individual contributions by women would go beyond the scope of this work. Nor can a sociological analysis of the reasons for the gender gap be provided. Nevertheless, the work wants to be more than a mere quantitative enumeration of women’s contributions to computer sciences. The essay wants to plea for the integration of these women in the literature, i.e., in the historiography of computer sciences, which requires to reconsider the self-image of this discipline.

Reducing Prejudice Through Narratives

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Moyer-Gusé ◽  
Katherine R. Dale ◽  
Michelle Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Contact Hypothesis ◽  
Muslim Americans ◽  
Intergroup Anxiety ◽  
Intergroup Interactions

Abstract. Recent extensions to the contact hypothesis reveal that different forms of contact, such as mediated intergroup contact, can reduce intergroup anxiety and improve attitudes toward the outgroup. This study draws on existing research to further consider the role of identification with an ingroup character within a narrative depicting intergroup contact between Muslim and non-Muslim Americans. Results reveal that identification with the non-Muslim (ingroup) model facilitated liking the Muslim (outgroup) model, which reduced prejudice toward Muslims more generally. Identification with the ingroup model also increased conversational self-efficacy and reduced anxiety about future intergroup interactions – both important aspects of improving intergroup relations.

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