scholarly journals Communicating risk differences between electronic and combusted cigarettes: the role of the FDA-mandated addiction warning and a nicotine fact sheet

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Lucy Popova
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
The Us ◽  
Comparative Risk ◽  
Communicating Risk

IntroductionThe US Food and Drug Administration requires e-cigarettes to carry a nicotine addiction warning. This research compared the effects of messages communicating comparative risk of electronic and combusted cigarettes (CR messages) with and without the mandated warning and tested the effects of showing a nicotine fact sheet (NFS) before exposure to CR messages with warning.MethodIn an online experiment, 1528 US adult smokers were randomised to one of four conditions: (1) three CR messages, (2) three CR messages in condition one with an addiction warning, (3) an NFS followed by the three messages in condition 2 and (4) control messages. Outcomes included message reactions and perceived effectiveness, e-cigarette-related and cigarette-related beliefs and behavioural intentions and nicotine-related beliefs.ResultsCR messages with and without an addiction warning did not differ. The NFS condition produced higher odds of correctly understanding the risk of nicotine and stronger beliefs that switching to e-cigarettes could reduce health risks (response efficacy) than other treatments. Compared with control, all messages made it more likely for people to report e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes and increased response efficacy and switch intentions to e-cigarettes. Only NFS condition increased correct beliefs about the risk of nicotine and self-efficacy about switching to e-cigarettes.ConclusionIncluding an addiction warning on CR messages did not reduce intentions to switch to e-cigarettes. Communicating accurate risk of nicotine together with CR messages and addiction warning increased smokers’ self-efficacy beliefs about switching completely to e-cigarettes, making it a potentially promising antitobacco communication strategy.

scholarly journals Lives or Livelihoods? Perceived Trade-Offs and Policy Views

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Settele ◽  
Cortnie Shupe
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Us ◽  
Risk Condition

Abstract We study the role of perceived trade-offs between human lives and economic benefits in shaping policy views. In an online experiment with a representative sample from the US conducted during the early Covid-19 pandemic, we provide randomized information on the medium-run costs of restricting economic activity to mitigate infections. A one standard deviation lower perceived economic cost of lockdowns increases support by about twice as much as having a Covid at-risk condition, and by half as much as being a Democrat. Varying projected health benefits has a similar effect. Personal exposure to health risks reduces people’s responsiveness to cost-benefit considerations.

Millennial social entrepreneurial intent and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy: a comparative entrepreneurship study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-43
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Juanita Trusty ◽  
Tatiana Goroshnikova ◽  
Louise Kelly ◽  
Kwok K. Kwong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intent ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Comparative Entrepreneurship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to propose and test predictors of millennials’ social entrepreneurial intent (SEI), mediating mechanisms and influential contextual factors. Design/methodology/approach This study includes survey data from 1,890 respondents, 315 each from China, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Russia and the USA. Findings Empirical results show that social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (SESE) mediated the relationship between perseverance and proactive personality and the dependent variable SEI in all six countries. Life satisfaction positively moderated this relationship among US students and negatively moderated it among Chinese students. In China dissatisfaction appears to enhance SEI, while in the US satisfaction appears to do so. Originality/value This paper identifies the mediating role of SESE and the moderating role of life satisfaction when explaining SEI, as well as providing data from millennials in six countries.

Self- and Response Efficacy Information in Fear Appeals: A Meta-Analysis

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Bigsby ◽  
Dolores Albarracín
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Fear appeals are designed to inspire intended and actual actions to avert a danger. Although prior meta-analyses report that the average effect of fear appeals is moderately positive, the role of efficacy information is not completely understood. Prior work and fear appeal theories have argued that the presence of both response and self-efficacy information improves fear appeal success but the individual impacts of each have not been properly estimated. A meta-analysis (k = 158, N = 19,736) was conducted to examine the individual and combined effects of response and self-efficacy information contained in fear appeals on behavioral intentions and behaviors. Estimating the impact of fear appeals relative to low and no fear controls, the meta-analysis showed that fear appeals had a stronger influence on behavioral outcomes when they included positive response efficacy information but did not vary as a function of including self-efficacy information or negative response efficacy information.

Reducing Prejudice Through Narratives

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Moyer-Gusé ◽  
Katherine R. Dale ◽  
Michelle Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Contact Hypothesis ◽  
Muslim Americans ◽  
Intergroup Anxiety ◽  
Intergroup Interactions

Abstract. Recent extensions to the contact hypothesis reveal that different forms of contact, such as mediated intergroup contact, can reduce intergroup anxiety and improve attitudes toward the outgroup. This study draws on existing research to further consider the role of identification with an ingroup character within a narrative depicting intergroup contact between Muslim and non-Muslim Americans. Results reveal that identification with the non-Muslim (ingroup) model facilitated liking the Muslim (outgroup) model, which reduced prejudice toward Muslims more generally. Identification with the ingroup model also increased conversational self-efficacy and reduced anxiety about future intergroup interactions – both important aspects of improving intergroup relations.

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