Time-lapse seismic modeling is routinely used to detect the state of hydrocarbon reservoirs at periodic time intervals. The Dickman field located in the U. S. midcontinent provides two possible [Formula: see text] sequestration targets: a regional deep saline reservoir is the primary objective, and a shallower, mature, depleted oil reservoir is a secondary objective. The goal of this work is to characterize and simulate monitoring of the [Formula: see text] movement before, during, and after its injection into these sequestration targets, including fluid flow paths, reservoir property changes, [Formula: see text] containment, and postinjection stability. Seismic images before, during, and after injection would improve understanding of the carbonate sequestration process and management. Our seismic simulation for time-lapse [Formula: see text] monitoring was based on flow simulator output over a 250-year injection and simulation period. The seismic response was accomplished via convolutional (1D) forward modeling. This work will provide an evaluation for the effectiveness of 4D seismic monitoring in providing assurance of long-term [Formula: see text] containment.
The influence of pore system change during CO2 storage on 4D seismic interpretation