Dendritic cells (DCs) genetically engineered to overexpress CD95 (Fas) ligand (CD95L-DC) were proposed as tools to induce peripheral tolerance to alloantigens. Herein, we observed that CD95L-DC obtained after retroviral gene transfer in bone marrow (BM) precursors derived from CD95-deficient (lpr/lpr) mice elicit much stronger allospecific type 1 helper T-cell and cytotoxic T-cell activities than control DCs upon injection in vivo, although they induce lower T-cell responses in vitro. Indeed, a single injection of CD95L-DC prepared from C57BL/6 mice was sufficient to prime bm13 recipients for acute rejection of C57BL/6 skin allografts that were otherwise tolerated in the context of this single weak major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I incompatibility. Massive neutrophil infiltrates depending on interleukin (IL)–1 signaling were observed at sites of CD95L-DC injection. Experiments in IL-1 receptor–deficient mice or in animals injected with depleting anti-Gr1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) established that neutrophil recruitment is required for the development of vigorous T-cell responses after injection of CD95L-DC in vivo.
Human Dendritic Cells Are Activated by Chimeric Human Papillomavirus Type-16 Virus-Like Particles and Induce Epitope-Specific Human T Cell Responses In Vitro