AbstractDeep level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS), Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC), EBIC Diffusion Length Mapping (EBIC-DLM) and contactless Photoconductive Decay (PCD) were used to characterize both bulk substrates and epitaxially grown Silicon Carbide films. Traps as deep as 0.93 eV were observed via DLTS. These traps may play a role in the persistent photoconductivity effect. EBIC reveals the electrical activity of the well known triangular defects. However, only some of these defects display electrical activity consistent with that of 3C-SiC inclusions, others do not. Additionally, not all defects identified in the EBIC images are observable in the topographic SEM image, possibly indicating a new, yet unidentified defect. EBIC revealed the electrical activity of defects including micro-pipes, dislocations (or possibly growth step edge decoration), surface polish damage, and bulk defects. Diffusion length maps of SiC indicate wide variations in diffusion length on both microscopic and macroscopic scales. EBIC-DLMindicatedepitaxial 4H SiC resulted in diffusion lengths from 0.1 to 3 μm, while bulk values were less than 0.07 μm. PCD measurements indicate tens of nanosecond to microsecond variations in lifetime. Lifetime verses injection level variations are observed and explained on the basis of trap energy. The injection level dependence of lifetime was observed at various nitrogen doping concentrations. Finally, electron beam annealing is found to dramatically improve the minority carrier lifetime in epitaxial SiC.
Evaluation of Four Imaging Techniques for the Electrical Characterization of Solar Cells
