Cumulative impact of swimmers on pool water quality: a full-scale study revealing seasonal and daily variabilities of disinfection by-products

Abstract This paper investigates disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation and their relationship with governing factors in chlorinated swimming pools. The study compares concentrations of DBPs with WHO guidelines for drinking water quality recommended to screen swimming pool water quality. The statistical analysis is based on a global database of 188 swimming pools accumulated from 42 peer-reviewed journal publications from 16 countries. The mean and standard deviation of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were estimated as 282 ± 437 and 326 ± 517 μg L−1, respectively, which most often surpassed the WHO guidelines. Similarly, more than half of the examined pools had higher values of chloral hydrate (102 ± 128 μg L−1). The concentration of total chloramines (650 ± 490 μg L−1) was well above the WHO guidelines in all reported cases. Nevertheless, the reported values remained below the guidelines for most of the studied pools in the case of total trihalomethanes (134 ± 160 μg L−1), dichloroacetonitrile (12 ± 12 μg L−1) and dibromoacetonitrile (8 ± 11 μg L−1). Total organic carbon, free residual chlorine, temperature, pH, total nitrogen and bromide ions play a pivotal role in DBPs formation processes. Therefore, proper management of these governing factors could significantly reduce DBPs formation, thereby, contributing towards a healthy swimming pool environment.

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Water quality and geochemical modeling of water at an abandoned coal mine reclaimed With coal combustion by-products

10.3133/wri024216 ◽

2002 ◽

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Coal Mine ◽

Coal Combustion ◽

Geochemical Modeling ◽

By Products ◽

Abandoned Coal Mine

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Optimisation of coagulation and chlorination in drinking water treatment: laboratory and full-scale studies

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2002.0055 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 131-137

Author(s):

N.D. Basson ◽

C.F. Schutte

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Agricultural Runoff ◽

Treatment Costs ◽

Full Scale ◽

Raw Water ◽

Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽

Treated Effluent ◽

Quality Optimisation

The paper deals with laboratory and full-scale studies aimed at optimising treatment processes at the Balkfontein plant of Sedibeng Water in South Africa. The raw water is highly eutrophic and contains a large fraction of treated effluent from domestic and industrial sources as well as agricultural runoff. The eutrophic nature and changing raw water quality give rise to many operational difficulties and high treatment costs as well as problems with the final water quality. Optimisation of the coagulation and chlorination processes was seen as a cheaper solution to these problems than to install advanced processes such as ozonation and activated carbon adsorption that would add greatly to treatment costs. The laboratory studies indicated that through optimisation of coagulation-flocculation and by replacement of pre-chlorination by intermediate chlorination (after primary sedimentation) most of the treatment problems could be solved and final water of the required quality produced without a large increase in treatment costs.

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Experiment of Polyester Wastewater Treatment by Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor and an Engineering Application

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2130 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 518-523 ◽

pp. 2130-2137

Author(s):

Si Hao Lv ◽

Hui Chang ◽

Zhi Hui Liang ◽

Yan Yan Zeng ◽

Hong Bo Fan

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Suspended Solids ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Engineering Application ◽

Full Scale ◽

Effluent Water ◽

Small Influence ◽

Volumetric Loading

A pilot study was carried out to evaluate the application of aerobic submerged MBR in treating polyester wastewater and a full scale system in which MBR was adopted as the key aspect was put forward to treat the polyester wastewater of Zhuhai Yuhua Polyester co., Ltd., China. The pilot study revealed that HRT could be affected by the influent COD, and a HRT larger than 36h was proposed for treating polyester wastewater by MBR. Volumetric loading rate and sludge loading rate ranged in 0.7-2.0 kgCOD/m3•d and 0.09~0.24 kgCOD/ kgMLSS•d respectively were of small influence on the COD removal. DO in the range of 2.5-4.0 mg/L seemed to be optimal for avoiding limitations due to oxygen concentration and creating an effective turbulence. The modified full scale system which includes anaerobic digesting tank and MBR followed by a stabilization pond was verified to be effective to treat the polyester wastewater in the latest two years. The results illustrated that the effluent water quality could meet the discharge limits of water pollutants (DB 44/26-2001) which was established in Guangdong, China. Observed sludge yield of the system fluctuated between 0.10-0.18 gMLSS/gCOD and averaged at 0.137 gMLSS/gCOD. The membrane permeate at around 10 L/m2h, TMP of less than 0.7bar, and total mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) between 6-7g/L were suitable to operate the MBR.

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Cumulative impact of marinas on estuarine water quality

Environmental Management ◽

10.1007/bf01203846 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 385-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. L. McAllister ◽

M. F. Overton ◽

E. D. Brill

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Estuarine Water ◽

Cumulative Impact ◽

Estuarine Water Quality

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Pool water disinfection by ozone-bromine treatment: Assessing the disinfectant efficacy and the occurrence and in vitro toxicity of brominated disinfection by-products

Water Research ◽

10.1016/j.watres.2021.117648 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 204 ◽

pp. 117648

Author(s):

Fatima El-Athman ◽

Lisa Zehlike ◽

Alexander Kämpfe ◽

Ralf Junek ◽

Hans-Christoph Selinka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Disinfection ◽

In Vitro Toxicity ◽

Pool Water ◽

By Products ◽

Disinfectant Efficacy

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Replicating the microbial community and water quality performance of full-scale slow sand filters in laboratory-scale filters

Water Research ◽

10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 141-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Sarah-Jane Haig ◽

Christopher Quince ◽

Robert L. Davies ◽

Caetano C. Dorea ◽

Gavin Collins

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Full Scale ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Sand Filters ◽

Quality Performance

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Review of International Swimming Pool Water Quality Controls

Water and Environment Journal ◽

10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01511.x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 212-216

Author(s):

KATHERINE BAXTER

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Swimming Pool ◽

Quality Controls ◽

Pool Water ◽

Swimming Pool Water

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Designing a Mobile Application for Pool Water Quality Monitoring Based on the Internet of Things

Tekinfo Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri dan Informasi ◽

10.31001/tekinfo.v9i1.949 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55

Author(s):

Yohanes Anton Nugroho ◽

Muhammad Fitra Pratama

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Fish Mortality ◽

The Internet ◽

Monitoring Equipment ◽

Pool Water ◽

Internet Of Things Technology ◽

The Internet Of Things

Changes in temperature, pH, and turbidity in concrete fish ponds greatly impact to the fish survival. Initial observations showed that among 3.067 fish seeds, 1.633 fish (53%) died and only 1.434 fish (47%) was successfully harvested. The application of water quality monitoring devices from concrete pools designed based on the Internet of Things technology has been tested. The monitoring equipment will not function optimally without an application that functions to receive monitoring data and then take action. Pool water quality monitoring equipment connected to the cloud using a GSM network connection. The recorded data is then displayed on the water quality monitoring application that designed using the Android operating system. Application design is developed using a User-Centered Design approach, where the design process was carried out by considering several variables: ease for use, clarity of information delivery, the fulfillment of needs, and appearance. Based on the results of the design evaluation, weaknesses can be determined, namely, difficulty to find the search menu for click history data, find the refresh button, read the results of searching for historical data, and read data in tables and graphs. Based on this, further improvements can be made to improve the application being made. The monitoring equipment is expected to provide information to pond managers to immediately take action if changing in pH and temperature beyond the limit so that the fish mortality rate can be minimized.

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