Review of International Swimming Pool Water Quality Controls

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-216
Author(s):  
KATHERINE BAXTER
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Quality Controls ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

scholarly journals An exploration of disinfection by-products formation and governing factors in chlorinated swimming pool water

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huma Ilyas ◽  
Ilyas Masih ◽  
Jan Peter van der Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

Abstract This paper investigates disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation and their relationship with governing factors in chlorinated swimming pools. The study compares concentrations of DBPs with WHO guidelines for drinking water quality recommended to screen swimming pool water quality. The statistical analysis is based on a global database of 188 swimming pools accumulated from 42 peer-reviewed journal publications from 16 countries. The mean and standard deviation of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were estimated as 282 ± 437 and 326 ± 517 μg L−1, respectively, which most often surpassed the WHO guidelines. Similarly, more than half of the examined pools had higher values of chloral hydrate (102 ± 128 μg L−1). The concentration of total chloramines (650 ± 490 μg L−1) was well above the WHO guidelines in all reported cases. Nevertheless, the reported values remained below the guidelines for most of the studied pools in the case of total trihalomethanes (134 ± 160 μg L−1), dichloroacetonitrile (12 ± 12 μg L−1) and dibromoacetonitrile (8 ± 11 μg L−1). Total organic carbon, free residual chlorine, temperature, pH, total nitrogen and bromide ions play a pivotal role in DBPs formation processes. Therefore, proper management of these governing factors could significantly reduce DBPs formation, thereby, contributing towards a healthy swimming pool environment.

Nanofiltration for enhanced removal of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors in swimming pool water–retention and water quality estimation

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1716-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Klüpfel ◽  
T. Glauner ◽  
C. Zwiener ◽  
F. H. Frimmel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
On Line ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Organic Halogens

Three nanofiltration (NF) membranes with a chlorine tolerance ≥ 1 mg L−1 were applied to reduce DBPs and their precursors in swimming pool water. A lab scale plant with crossflow modules was installed in by-pass at the sand filter outlet of a swimming pool for a period of several weeks. The chlorine tolerances of the membranes SB90 and NP030 were found to be adequate for filtration under swimming pool water conditions over the given experimental period. Retention of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) were about 70% and 80% for SB90 and 50% and 40% for NP030, respectively. DOC accumulation in the pool and the expected fresh water consumption for a treatment system consisting of ultrafiltration (UF) and NF with backwash water treatment were estimated by mass balances based on the results. Mass balances were calculated also for a German public swimming pool with a conventional water treatment system (flocculation-sand filtration-chlorination) and were compared to DOC on-line measurements. Calculation of DOC mass balances for different UF-NF treatment scenarios showed that pool water quality could be improved significantly compared to the conventional treatment system.

An innovative swimming pool water quality index (SPWQI) to monitor and evaluate the pools: design and compilation of computational model

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Golbaz ◽  
Ramin Nabizadeh ◽  
Samaneh Zarinkolah ◽  
Amir Hossein Mahvi ◽  
Mahmood Alimohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

IoT-Based System for Real-Time Swimming Pool Water Quality Monitoring

2021 ◽  
pp. 332-341
Author(s):  
Afida Jemat ◽  
Salman Yussof ◽  
Sera Syarmila Sameon ◽  
Nur Adriana Alya Rosnizam
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

scholarly journals SINTESIS HIDROGEN PEROKSIDA PADA PENGOLAHAN AIR KOLAM RENANG MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEKTRODESINFEKTAN DENGAN ELEKTRODA TITANIUM DAN GRAFIT

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyanta Suyanta ◽  
Fika Deni Utari
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Graphite Electrodes ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Time Optimization ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensial dan waktu optimum proses elektrodesinfektan air kolam renangserta mengetahui kualitas air kolam renang berdasarkan parameter kadar hidrogen peroksida, pH dan TDS setelah proses elektrodesinfektan berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 32/MENKES/PER/VI/2017.Optimasi potensial listrik menggunakan variasi 2, 4, 6, 8 dan 10 volt. Optimasi waktu yang digunakan adalah variasi 0,5; 1; 2; 3; dan 4 jam. Sampel dianalisis untuk mengetahui kadar hidrogen peroksida, pH dan TDS air kolam renang berturut-turut menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis, pH meter dan TDS meter.Berdasarkan penelitian potensial optimumproses elektrodesinfektan sebesar 10 volt, sedangkan waktu optimum selama 4 jam dengan hidrogen peroksida yang dihasilkan sebesar 68,05 mg/L. Kualitas air kolam renang berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 32/MENKES/PER/VI/2017 dikatakan baik karena memenuhi standar kualitas air kolam renang yaitu kadar hidrogrn peroksida kurang dari 0,3%, pH antara 7-7,8 serta nilai TDS air kolam renang turun dari 219 menjadi 216. Kata kunci: elektrodesinfektan, hidrogen peroksida, pH, TDS, elektroda titanium dan grafit. Abstract               This study aims to determine the level of hydrogen peroxide produced from electrodesinfection process in pool water samples and determine pool water quality based on the parameters of hydrogen peroxide, pH and TDS after electrodesinfection process based on RI Minister of Health Regulation No. 32/MENKES/PER/VI/2017.Electric potential optimization uses variations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 volts. The time optimization used a variation of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. Determinaton of hydrogen peroxide levels, pH and TDS of pool water respectively using the spectrophotometer UV-Vis, pH meter, and TDS meter.The optimum potential and optimum time of electrodesinfection process at 10 volts and 4 hours with hydrogen peroxide up to 68,05 mg/L. Swimming pool water quality based on RI Minister of Health Regulation No. 32/MENKES/PER/VI/2017 are said to be good because the hydrogen peroxide level <0,3%, the pH of pool water between 7-7.8 and the TDS are decreased from 219 to 216. Keyword: electrodesinfection, hydrogen peroxide, pH, TDS, titanium and graphite electrodes.

scholarly journals Impact of Low-Pressure UV Lamp on Swimming Pool Water Quality and Operating Costs

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5013
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Włodyka-Bergier ◽  
Tomasz Bergier
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
Uv Lamps

UV lamps are being increasingly used in the treatment of swimming pool water, mainly due to their abilities to disinfect and effectively remove chloramines (combined chlorine). However, the application of UV lamps in a closed loop system, such as that in which swimming pool water is treated, creates conditions under which chlorinated water is then also irradiated with UV. Thus, the advanced oxidation process occurs, which affects the transformation of organic matter and its increased reactivity, and hence the higher usage of chlorine disinfectant. In addition, UV lamps require electrical power and the periodic replacement of filaments. In order to assess whether the application of a low-pressure UV lamp is justified, water quality tests and an analysis of the operating costs (including the energy consumption) of the water treatment system were carried out for two operation variants—those of the low-pressure UV lamp being turned on and off. The experiments were carried out on the real object of the AGH University of Science and Technology sports swimming pool for one year. The consumption of electricity and water treatment reagents was also measured. The following values of the selected parameters of the swimming pool water quality were observed (for without and with UV lamp, respectively): 0.68 and 0.52 mg/L combined chlorine; 3.12 and 3.02 mg/L dissolved organic carbon; 15.70 and 15.26 µg/L trihalomethanes; 7 and 6 cfu/mL mesophilic bacteria; and 6 and 20 cfu/mL psychrophilic bacteria. Generally, the statistically important differences in water quality parameters were not observed, thus the application of the low-pressure UV lamp in the swimming pool water treatment technology did not bring the expected improvement in water quality. However, the higher consumption of electric energy (by 29%) and chlorine disinfectant (by 15%), and the need to periodically replace the lamp filaments significantly increased the operating costs of the water treatment system (by 21%) and its ecological impact, thus this technology cannot be considered as profitable or ecological.

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