Individual differences in selective attention and scanning dynamics influence children’s learning from relevant non-targets in a visual search task

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 104797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill King ◽  
Julie Markant
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Children’S Learning ◽  
Children's Learning

scholarly journals Efficient Attentional Selection Predicts Distractor Devaluation: Event-related Potential Evidence for a Direct Link between Attention and Emotion

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1316-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kiss ◽  
Brian A. Goolsby ◽  
Jane E. Raymond ◽  
Kimron L. Shapiro ◽  
Laetitia Silvert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Affective Evaluation ◽  
Evaluative Judgments ◽  
Attentional Selectivity

Links between attention and emotion were investigated by obtaining electrophysiological measures of attentional selectivity together with behavioral measures of affective evaluation. Participants were asked to rate faces that had just been presented as targets or distractors in a visual search task. Distractors were rated as less trustworthy than targets. To study the association between the efficiency of selective attention during visual search and subsequent emotional responses, the N2pc component was quantified as a function of evaluative judgments. Evaluation of distractor faces (but not target faces) covaried with selective attention. On trials where distractors were later judged negatively, the N2pc emerged earlier, demonstrating that attention was strongly biased toward target events, and distractors were effectively inhibited. When previous distractors were judged positively, the N2pc was delayed, indicating unfocused attention to the target and less distractor suppression. Variations in attentional selectivity across trials can predict subsequent emotional responses, strongly suggesting that attention is closely associated with subsequent affective evaluation.

The Impact of Age on Visual Search Performance

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Manivannan ◽  
Sara Czaja ◽  
Colin Drury ◽  
Chi Ming Ip
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Performance Effect ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

Visual search is an important component of many real world tasks such as industrial inspection and driving. Several studies have shown that age has an impact on visual search performance. In general older people demonstrate poorer performance on such tasks as compared to younger people. However, there is controversy regarding the source of the age-performance effect. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between component abilities and visual search performance, in order to identify the locus of age-related performance differences. Six abilities including reaction time, working memory, selective attention and spatial localization were identified as important components of visual search performance. Thirty-two subjects ranging in age from 18 - 84 years, categorized in three different age groups (young, middle, and older) participated in the study. Their component abilities were measured and they performed a visual search task. The visual search task varied in complexity in terms of type of targets detected. Significant relationships were found between some of the component skills and search performance. Significant age effects were also observed. A model was developed using hierarchical multiple linear regression to explain the variance in search performance. Results indicated that reaction time, selective attention, and age were important predictors of search performance with reaction time and selective attention accounting for most of the variance.

scholarly journals How a picture becomes a word: individual differences in the development of language-mediated visual search

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Chabal ◽  
Sayuri Hayakawa ◽  
Viorica Marian
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
Language Activation

AbstractOver the course of our lifetimes, we accumulate extensive experience associating the things that we see with the words we have learned to describe them. As a result, adults engaged in a visual search task will often look at items with labels that share phonological features with the target object, demonstrating that language can become activated even in non-linguistic contexts. This highly interactive cognitive system is the culmination of our linguistic and visual experiences—and yet, our understanding of how the relationship between language and vision develops remains limited. The present study explores the developmental trajectory of language-mediated visual search by examining whether children can be distracted by linguistic competitors during a non-linguistic visual search task. Though less robust compared to what has been previously observed with adults, we find evidence of phonological competition in children as young as 8 years old. Furthermore, the extent of language activation is predicted by individual differences in linguistic, visual, and domain-general cognitive abilities, with the greatest phonological competition observed among children with strong language abilities combined with weaker visual memory and inhibitory control. We propose that linguistic expertise is fundamental to the development of language-mediated visual search, but that the rate and degree of automatic language activation depends on interactions among a broader network of cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Individual differences in visual search performance extend from artificial arrays to naturalistic environments.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Botch ◽  
Brenda D. Garcia ◽  
Yeo Bi Choi ◽  
Caroline E. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Real World ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Visual Clutter

Visual search is a universal human activity in naturalistic environments. Traditionally, visual search is investigated under tightly controlled conditions, where head-restricted participants locate a minimalistic target in a cluttered array presented on a computer screen. Do classic findings of visual search extend to naturalistic settings, where participants actively explore complex, real-world scenes? Here, we leverage advances in virtual reality (VR) technology to relate individual differences in classic visual search paradigms to naturalistic search behavior. In a naturalistic visual search task, participants looked for an object within their environment via a combination of head-turns and eye-movements using a head-mounted display. Then, in a classic visual search task, participants searched for a target within a simple array of colored letters using only eye-movements. We tested how set size, a property known to limit visual search within computer displays, predicts the efficiency of search behavior inside immersive, real-world scenes that vary in levels of visual clutter. We found that participants' search performance was impacted by the level of visual clutter within real-world scenes. Critically, we also observed that individual differences in visual search efficiency in classic search predicted efficiency in real-world search, but only when the comparison was limited to the forward-facing field of view for real-world search. These results demonstrate that set size is a reliable predictor of individual performance across computer-based and active, real-world visual search behavior.

The Role of Morningness and Endurance in Mood and Attention During Morning and Evening Hours

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad S. Jankowski ◽  
Marcin Zajenkowski
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Testing Session ◽  
Hedonic Tone ◽  
Polish Version

Abstract. This study aimed at testing the effects of morningness-eveningness and endurance on mood and selective attention during morning and evening hours. University students (N = 80) completed the Polish version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory, and two testing sessions scheduled during the morning and evening hours. Each testing session consisted of completing the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist composed of three scales: energetic arousal (EA), tense arousal (TA), and hedonic tone (HT), and a computerized visual search task. Without consideration of morningness and endurance, a time-of-day effect appeared in the visual attention but not in affect: participants were more accurate and faster in the evening than in the morning. Considering morningness and endurance, neither of them influenced the selective attention but they did influence mood. Morningness influenced diurnal variations in EA and HT in such a way that from morning to evening hours, morning chronotypes showed a decrease and evening types an increase in EA and HT. During morning hours, morningness was related to higher EA and HT and lower TA, but endurance was not. During evening hours, morningness was unrelated to mood, but endurance was linked to higher EA. It is concluded that morningness and endurance impact mood differently throughout the day, with the role of morningness decreasing and the role of endurance increasing as the day progresses.

Cuing Interacts with Perceptual Load in Visual Search

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas N. Johnson ◽  
Allison McGrath ◽  
Carrie McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
High Load ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Attentional Selectivity

We tested the strong form of the perceptual-load hypothesis, which posits that the amount of perceptual load is the only factor determining whether attention can be effectively focused. Participants performed a visual search task under conditions of low and high load and with either a 100% valid spatial cue or no spatial cue. With no cue, participants showed evidence of processing to-be-ignored stimuli when perceptual load was low but not when it was high, consistent with the perceptual-load hypothesis. However, with a 100% valid spatial cue, participants showed little evidence of processing to-be-ignored stimuli, even when perceptual load was low. These results suggest that although perceptual load may be an important factor in attentional selectivity, load alone is not sufficient to explain how and when selective attention is effective.

scholarly journals "Selective attention and error proneness while driving: research using a conjunctive visual search task

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Andrea Montes, S.A. ◽  
Isabel María Introzzi, I.M. ◽  
Rubén Daniel Ledesma, R.D. ◽  
Soledad Susana López, S.S.
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Working Memory and the N2pc

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane W. Couperus ◽  
Kirsten O. Lydic ◽  
Juniper E. Hollis ◽  
Jessica L. Roy ◽  
Amy R. Lowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Additional Support

The lateralized ERP N2pc component has been shown to be an effective marker of attentional object selection when elicited in a visual search task, specifically reflecting the selection of a target item among distractors. Moreover, when targets are known in advance, the visual search process is guided by representations of target features held in working memory at the time of search, thus guiding attention to objects with target-matching features. Previous studies have shown that manipulating working memory availability via concurrent tasks or within task manipulations influences visual search performance and the N2pc. Other studies have indicated that visual (non-spatial) vs. spatial working memory manipulations have differential contributions to visual search. To investigate this the current study assesses participants' visual and spatial working memory ability independent of the visual search task to determine whether such individual differences in working memory affect task performance and the N2pc. Participants (n = 205) completed a visual search task to elicit the N2pc and separate visual working memory (VWM) and spatial working memory (SPWM) assessments. Greater SPWM, but not VWM, ability is correlated with and predicts higher visual search accuracy and greater N2pc amplitudes. Neither VWM nor SPWM was related to N2pc latency. These results provide additional support to prior behavioral and neural visual search findings that spatial WM availability, whether as an ability of the participant's processing system or based on task demands, plays an important role in efficient visual search.

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