Understanding and exploring the potentials of household water treatment methods for volatile disinfection by-products control: Kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors

2017 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengcun Ma ◽  
Yiqun Gan ◽  
Baiyang Chen ◽  
Zhong Tang ◽  
Stuart Krasner
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Household Water ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Household water treatment using adequate methods in sub-Saharan countries: evidence from 2013–2016 Demographic and Health Surveys

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Abraham Geremew ◽  
Yohannes Tefera Damtew
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Unsafe Water

Abstract In sub-Saharan countries, where a large number of populations depend on unsafe water, household water treatment is the recommended means to reduce diarrhea. However, the practice in the region is very low. The current study is intended to assess the households' water treatment using adequate methods, boiling, adding bleach, filtration and solar disinfection, and associated factors in the region which will be an input to design and implement intervention strategies. The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data conducted from 2013 to 2016 in 23 sub-Saharan countries were obtained from the DHS program and weighted using the ‘svy’ command for analysis. The households' reported use of treatment methods and associated factors were analyzed using log-binomial regression. In total, 357,979 households were included in the analysis of which 29% used unimproved water for drinking purposes. Households reportedly treating water in the region were 22% and those who used adequate treatment methods were 18%. The households' reported use of adequate treatment methods was statistically associated with household head education, owning a radio and wealth quintiles. The treatment methods' use is low in the region therefore intervention on wide-scale use should be designed and implemented.

scholarly journals Appropriate household water treatment methods in Ethiopia: household use and associated factors based on 2005, 2011, and 2016 EDHS data

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Geremew ◽  
Bezatu Mengistie ◽  
Jonathan Mellor ◽  
Daniele Susan Lantagne ◽  
Esayas Alemayehu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Household Water

scholarly journals Cost and financial sustainability of a household-based water treatment and storage intervention in Zambia

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyana Banerjee ◽  
Deborah A. McFarland ◽  
Ritu Singh ◽  
Robert Quick
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water System ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
And Behavior

Providing safe water to >1 billion people in need is a major challenge. To address this need, the Safe Water System (SWS) - household water treatment with dilute bleach, safe water storage, and behavior change - has been implemented in >20 countries. To assess the potential sustainability of the SWS, we analyzed costs in Zambia of “Clorin” brand product sold in bottles sufficient for a month of water treatment at a price of $0.09. We analyzed production, marketing, distribution, and overhead costs of Clorin before and after sales reached nationwide scale, and analyzed Clorin sales revenue. The average cost per bottle of Clorin production, marketing and distribution at start-up in 1999 was $1.88 but decreased by 82% to $0.33 in 2003, when >1.7 million bottles were sold. The financial loss per bottle decreased from $1.72 in 1999 to $0.24 in 2003. Net program costs in 2003 were $428,984, or only $0.04 per person-month of protection. A sensitivity analysis showed that if the bottle price increased to $0.18, the project would be self-sustaining at maximum capacity. This analysis demonstrated that efficiencies in the SWS supply chain can be achieved through social marketing. Even with a subsidy, overall program costs per beneficiary are low.

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