safe drinking water
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Earth ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Md Nadiruzzaman ◽  
Hosna Jahan Shewly ◽  
Afsana Afrin Esha

Plastic, an offer of modernity, has become one of the essential parts of our everyday life. However, it is presenting a massive threat in altered forms, to our health and environment. Plastic does not only pollute the surface environment, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, but toxic elements released from plastics also percolate down the surface and contaminate groundwater, which we often use as ‘safe’ drinking water. This probable future risk is deeply rooted in the entire governance infrastructure of plastic waste which could potentially lead to contamination of groundwater. Thus, a state-sponsored ‘safe drinking water’ initiative could contrarily produce a ‘risk society’. A recent study finds 81% of tap water samples collected worldwide contained plastic pollutants, which means that annually we may be ingesting between 3000 and 4000 microparticles of plastic from tap water. Based on review, ethnographic observations and interviews, and lived experience in a plastic-wrapped city (Dhaka), this paper sheds light on the complex interface of plastic, water, and public health, on the relevance of Beck’s ‘risk society’ to understand this complexity, and on replicating the idea of ‘risk society’ in the case of Bangladesh. Through understanding the plastic–groundwater–waste management nexus, this paper highlights and advocates for a new strategy of plastic governance in modern states.


2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 689-699
Author(s):  
Younghan Yoon ◽  
Jae-Hyeoung Park

Making and securing safe drinking water is considered as the most important element and human right for sustainable human life. However, many countries in Africa still have low access to safe water, and in particular, fluorosis symptoms are severe from the people of Africa where there is a lot of groundwater and surface water contaminated with fluoride due to the geological natures. Fluoride is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless element with very strong reactivity and is emitted from the cleaning process of semiconductors and the fertilizer manufacturing industries. Various technologies such as chemical coagulation/precipitation, electrochemical method, ion exchange, separation membrane technology, nanotechnology, and adsorption may be proposed as a technology for removing fluoride for securing safe drinking water. The strengths and weaknesses of each element technology and recent research cases were investigated and analyzed, and an appropriate technology application plan for the sustainable development of emerging and developing countries in Africa was presented. Efficiency of fluoride removal may be important to secure drinking water for developing countries in Africa, but it is necessary to consider the local economic situation and cultural background first for sustainability of the applied technology. Therefore, animal bone-based adsorption process is advantageous in terms of sustainability and can be proposed as a fluoride removal technology suitable for the developing countries in Africa.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-387
Author(s):  
Hizbullah Khan ◽  
Muhammad Najeeb Khan ◽  
Muhammad Sirajuddin ◽  
Syed Muhammad Salman ◽  
Muhammad Bilal

Water samples were collected from 43 sites of Tehsil Isa Khel areas in order to determine the physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, M. alkalinity, chloride ion (Cl- ), and fluoride ion (F-) concentration. The obtained results show that in Tehsil Isa Khel, only in Kala Bagh city, Kala Bagh water scheme (w/s), Tola Bangi Khel w/s, Kot Chandna, Awan Wala, Gidran Wala, and Cheena Pora water is drinkable. Overall, electrical conductivity, hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, fluoride levels in the water of Tehsil Isa Khel are very high and not fit for drinking, washing, and industrial purpose. The ultimate result of this study is helpful to address the leading cause of public health problems related to the deteriorated quality of drinking water, and an integrated approach is therefore required to provide safe drinking water to people in Tehsil Isa Khel.


Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdul Baseer ◽  
Khusroo Ahmed Ansari ◽  
Anant A. Takalkar

Background: ICDS scheme represents one of the largest programmes, which is a symbol of India’s commitment to its children, providing pre-school education on one hand and breaking the today vicious cycle of malnutrition, morbidity, reduced learning capacity and mortality on the other hand.Methods: The present study was taken up to assess the infrastructure and services of anganwadi centers. Community based cross sectional observational study was conducted by involving 92 anganwadi centers in Kalaburagi city.Results: Out of 92 AWCs studied, 52 (56.5%) were belonged to Government set up whereas 40 i.e.; 43.5% were on rental basis. Safe drinking water was available in 81 i.e.; 88% of AWCs, toilet facility was available in 34 i.e.; 37% of AWCs. Adequate outdoor space was available in 54 i.e.; 58.7% of AWCs. Adequate indoor space was available in 72 i.e.; 78.3% of AWCs. Adequate kitchen space was available in 65 i.e.; 70.7% of AWCs. Adequate food storage facility was available in 70 i.e.; 76.1% of AWCs and in 22 i.e.; 23.9% it was not adequate. In 30 i.e.; 32.6% of AWCs, source of fuel use was LPG.Conclusions: Safe drinking water was available in majority of AWCs. Almost one third of anganwadi have inadequate space. Majority of anganwadi have maintained sufficient number of registers. Outdoor and indoor game kits and equipment’s were available at majority of AWCs.


Author(s):  
Cristina Marcillo ◽  
Leigh-Anne Krometis ◽  
Justin Krometis

Although the United States Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) theoretically ensures drinking water quality, recent studies have questioned the reliability and equity associated with community water system (CWS) service. This study aimed to identify SDWA violation differences (i.e., monitoring and reporting (MR) and health-based (HB)) between Virginia CWSs given associated service demographics, rurality, and system characteristics. A novel geospatial methodology delineated CWS service areas at the zip code scale to connect 2000 US Census demographics with 2006–2016 SDWA violations, with significant associations determined via negative binomial regression. The proportion of Black Americans within a service area was positively associated with the likelihood of HB violations. This effort supports the need for further investigation of racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to safe drinking water within the United States in particular and offers a geospatial strategy to explore demographics in other settings where data on infrastructure extents are limited. Further interdisciplinary efforts at multiple scales are necessary to identify the entwined causes for differential risks in adverse drinking water quality exposures and would be substantially strengthened by the mapping of official CWS service boundaries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 182-188
Author(s):  
N. Divya Lalitha ◽  
Sunayana Manipal ◽  
Prabu. D

Background: National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP) attempts to provide each and every individual a sufficient amount of safe water for drinking, cooking and other essential household needs on a maintainable premise, with a base water quality standard, which ought to be helpfully open consistently and in all circumstances. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze and unveil the habitations covered by the National Rural Drinking Water Program in different states and union territories of India. Materials and method: Secondary data regarding the total households in each states/ union territory and the households covered by the National Rural Drinking Water Program, Households Having Safe Drinking Water supply in India as per Census 2011 and availability of safe drinking water in households and the source of drinking waters was extracted from the 2018 National Health Profile’s annual publication by the Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI). Results: In India,43% of the households use tap water and 11% use well water.46.6% of the households have water within the premises, 35.8% of the households have water near the premises and 17.6% have it far away. 81.08% are fully covered habitations under the program and only 3.34% of the habitations in India are quality affected habitations. Conclusion: Although the targets have not been achieved, this program has attempted to provide safe drinking water to many people in different states and union territories in India. Keywords: Rural areas, Habitations, Drinking water, India..


Author(s):  
D. D. S. Daluwatte ◽  
S. Sivakumar

Abstract Sustainable Development Goal number 6 declares safe drinking water for all as a human right and it can be used as an indicator to measure development. While urban and municipal residents benefit from safe drinking water through centralized water supply systems, water supply for rural areas and estates were decentralized due to large construction costs, according to the demand-driven approach introducing community governance mechanism for water sources and water supply in rural areas. Community-based water societies emerged as a consequence of this situation. In Badulla district of Sri Lanka, 47% of community-based water societies depend upon natural water springs benefitting 46% of households in a particular area. Recently, two natural water springs dried up affecting 191 households and 10 community-based water societies who depend on natural water springs are regulating their water supply hours due to a long and extended drought situation.This affected 1,953 households in Badulla. Further it represents 8.4% of households who depend upon natural water springs. Owing to the present water scarcity, 37 community-based water societies started catchment protection initiatives with the support of government and non-governmental agencies. One community-based water society in this district has collapsed due to lack of water with the drying up of their natural water spring and another is functioning with an alternative water source. Other community-based water societies are functioning to a varying extent because of water level reduction in natural water springs. While the climate is changing, there are development initiatives that, in particular, are affecting natural water springs.


Author(s):  
Getrude A. Felix ◽  
Tula. M. Ngasala ◽  
Geophrey Mbatta

Abstract Access to safe drinking water is a challenge for students in primary and secondary schools in Tanzania. Only 32.7% of primary and secondary schools in Tanzania have access to safe drinking water and the point-of-use water treatment is rarely used. The traditional water disinfection method by boiling is often limited in boarding schools due to cost and time constraints. The objectives were to assess the willingness and attitude of boarding school students toward the use of the alternative water treatment method and determine the quality of drinking water before and after the introduction of the new method. Chlorine tablets were used due to their availability, ease of use, cost, and effectiveness. Weekly evaluations on usage, performance, and acceptability of chlorine tablets were assessed on 42 randomly selected students over a 3-week period in parallel with water sampling and testing before and after using chlorine tablets. Before the introduction of chlorine, only 17% of the students were aware of chlorine tablets, and water sources tested positive for fecal coliform. After introducing the new method, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the attitude of students toward water treatment (100%), water quality (78%), and water consumption (67%). The work demonstrates the need to provide access to cost-effective household water treatment methods, especially in public schools that lack access to safe water.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Ryota Nakamura ◽  
◽  
Takumi Kondo ◽  

This study analyzed the effects of access to safe drinking water on the nutritional status of children under the age of 59 months in urban and rural areas in Indonesia using the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5. Both piped water and packaged water were considered safe to drink. The descriptive statistics show that children in rural areas typically had insufficient access to safe drinking water and children who consumed safe drinking water had higher short- and long-term nutrition levels. To mitigate selection bias due to the non-random distribution of access to safe drinking water, a matching estimation was used to quantitatively determine the effects of access to safe drinking water on child nutrition. The provision of safe drinking water improved the short- and long-term nutritional status of children in rural areas but had no significant effect to that of children in urban areas. A simulation of this effect on child nutrition shows that in rural areas, improved access to safe drinking water decreases the stunting ratio by 13 percentage points and the wasting ratio by 6.1 percentage points. Additionally, both household income levels and community drinking water prices are important determinants of access to safe drinking water. Therefore, access to safe drinking water is necessary to improve the nutritional status of children in rural Indonesia, and community characteristics contribute to access.


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