Bacteraemia with rifampin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the potential role of cross-resistance between rifampin and rifaximin

Abstract Historically, intravenous (IV) antibiotics have been the cornerstone of treatment for uncomplicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). However, IV antibiotics are expensive, increase the rates of hospital readmission, and can be associated with catheter-related complications. As a result, the potential role of oral antibiotics in the treatment of uncomplicated SAB has become a subject of interest. This narrative review article aims to summarize key arguments for and against the use of oral antibiotics to complete treatment of uncomplicated SAB and evaluates the available evidence for specific oral regimens. We conclude that evidence suggests that oral step-down therapy can be an alternative for select patients who meet the criteria for uncomplicated SAB and will comply with medical treatment and outpatient follow-up. Of the currently studied regimens discussed in this article, linezolid has the most support, followed by fluoroquinolone plus rifampin.

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Relative importance of the bacteria Brucella, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and other indicator bacteria in some mountain farm waters in West-Cameroon (Central Africa) and the potential role of some environmental factors

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.2.0396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 081-084

Author(s):

Pierrette Ngo Bahebeck ◽

Mireille Ebiane Nougang ◽

Paul Alain Nana ◽

Claire Stéphane Metsopkeng ◽

Antoine Tamsa Arfao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Brucella Abortus ◽

Physicochemical Parameters ◽

Potential Role ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Central Africa ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Brucella Suis

A bacteriological and physicochemical study was conducted in the waters of farms in mountainous regions of Cameroon. The different water samples were collected during two campaigns in December 2018 and February 2019. Ten stations representing the drinking water supply points in our study area were identified. The results showed that these waters contained both pathogenic and commensal fecal bacteria. The highest abundances reached 10x103 CFU/100mL for Salmonella sp., 72x103 CFU/100mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 102x103 CFU/100mL for Brucella suis and 40x103 CFU/100mL for Brucella abortus. These abundances were subject to space-time fluctuations. Water contamination by tweezers was not general and was present only in surface waters (rivers and ponds). The water in the ponds, rivers and wells analyzed were all basic, with low mineralization on average. The dissolved oxygen ranged from 37.5 to 70.6%, nitrate from 3.7 to 19.8 mg/L and iron from 0.01 to 3.5 mg/L. Most of the physicochemical parameters were relatively stable during the two campaigns. The degree of correlation between the physicochemical parameters and the abundance dynamics of the isolated bacteria was heterogeneous. This was clearly more pronounced with Salmonella sp. and Brucella suis. This would be due to the fraction of metabolically active cells present when the bacteria are exposed to unfavorable conditions. Correlations with the abiotic factors were less marked with Staphylococcus aureus and Brucella abortus; this would be due to their tolerance to environmental stresses.

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Jumping the Barrier to β-Lactam Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.185.18.5465-5472.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 185 (18) ◽

pp. 5465-5472 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Yuki Katayama ◽

Hong-Zhong Zhang ◽

Dong Hong ◽

Henry F. Chambers

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Potential Role ◽

Methicillin Resistance ◽

Population Analysis ◽

Regulatory Genes ◽

Resistance Determinant ◽

Host Chromosome ◽

Resistance Phenotype ◽

Mrsa Strains

ABSTRACT Although the staphylococcal methicillin resistance determinant, mecA, resides on a mobile genetic element, staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), its distribution in nature is limited to as few as five clusters of related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones. To investigate the potential role of the host chromosome in clonal restriction of the methicillin resistance determinant, we constructed plasmid pYK20, carrying intact mecA, and introduced it into several methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains, five of which were naive hosts (i.e., mecA not previously resident on the host chromosome) and five of which were experienced hosts (i.e., methicillin-susceptible variants of MRSA strains from which SCCmec was excised). We next assessed the effect of the recipient background on the methicillin resistance phenotype by population analysis, by assaying the mecA expression of PBP2a by Western blot analysis, and by screening for mutations affecting mecA. Each experienced host transformed with pYK20 had a resistance phenotype and expressed PBP2a similar to that of the parent with chromosomal SCCmec, but naive hosts transformed with pYK20 selected against its expression, indicative of a host barrier. Either inducible β-lactamase regulatory genes blaR1-blaI or homologous regulatory genes mecR1-mecI, which control mecA expression, acted as compensatory elements, permitting the maintenance and expression of plasmid-carried mecA.

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An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment

Burns ◽

10.1016/s0305-4179(01)00045-6 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 681-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

John M. Embil ◽

Judy A. McLeod ◽

Ali M. Al-Barrak ◽

Genevieve M. Thompson ◽

Fred Y. Aoki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Potential Role ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Burn Unit

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Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (-Like) Genes sey, selw, selx, selz, sel26 and sel27 in Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12050347 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 347 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meiji Soe Aung ◽

Noriko Urushibara ◽

Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya ◽

Masahiko Ito ◽

Satoshi Habadera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Potential Role ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sequence Identity ◽

Genetic Groups ◽

Epidemiological Features

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus associated with various toxic diseases due to their emetic and superantigenic activities. Although at least 27 SE(-like) genes have been identified in S. aureus to date, the newly identified SE(-like) genes have not yet been well characterized by their epidemiological features. In this study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of SE gene sey and SE-like genes selw, selx, selz, sel26, and sel27 were investigated for 624 clinical isolates of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA). The most prevalent SE(-like) gene was selw (92.9%), followed by selx (85.6%), sey (35.4%) and selz (5.6%), while sel26 and sel27 were not detected. Phylogenetically, sey, selw, selx, and selz were discriminated into 7, 10, 16, and 9 subtypes (groups), respectively. Among these subtypes, sey was the most conserved and showed the highest sequence identity (>98.8%), followed by selz and selx. The SE-like gene selw was the most divergent, and four out of ten genetic groups contained pseudogenes that may encode truncated product. Individual subtypes of SE(-like) genes were generally found in isolates with specific genotypes/lineages of S. aureus. This study revealed the putative ubiquity of selw and selx and the prevalence of sey and selz in some specific lineages (e.g., ST121) in CA-MRSA, suggesting a potential role of these newly described SEs(-like) in pathogenicity.

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