Bio-optical characteristics of a red tide induced by Mesodinium rubrum in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela

A red tide caused by Mesodinium rubrum was observed in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, during August 1975. The chlorophyll and phycoerythrin composition and ultrastructure of the endosymbiotic alga are similar to those described for M. rubrum from Ecuador and British Columbia, including the fact that the endosymbionts do not appear to contain a nucleus. Special ultrastructural features are a complete endoplasmic reticulum surrounding symbiont chloroplast, pyrenoid, and starch bodies, ciliate trichocysts with electron-dense and electron-translucent regions, and curious symbiont mitochondria–ciliate macronuclei associations.

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Notes on the Mass Occurrence of the Ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (non-toxic red tide) in Malacca River, Malaysia

Jurnal Biologi Indonesia ◽

10.47349/jbi/13012017/167 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 167-169

Author(s):

Suriyanti Su Nyun Pau ◽

Dzulhelmi Muhammad Nasir ◽

Gires Usup

Keyword(s):

Red Tide ◽

Mesodinium Rubrum ◽

Mass Occurrence

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Comparison of optical characteristics in non-red tide and red tide areas in the South Sea of Korea

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6605 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Eunkyung Lee ◽

Jeong-Eon Moon ◽

Young-Je Park ◽

Tai-Hyun Han

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Optical Properties ◽

Korean Peninsula ◽

Analytical Methods ◽

Field Data ◽

Red Tide ◽

Optical Characteristics ◽

Cochlodinium Polykrikoides ◽

Southern Coast ◽

Remote Sensing Reflectance

<p>Red tide, which occurs off the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula, is a maritime phenomenon that usually occurs between June and September every year, mostly by Cochlodinium polykrikoides single species. There are very few studies using the analytical methods of the inherent and apparent optical properties for these red tide. Ahn et al.(2009) analyzed the inherent optical properties of 26 species of red tide organisms occurring off the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. Kim et al.(2016) distinguished the optical characteristics for Cochlodinium polykrikoides using field data and Hydrolight simulator. Using these analytical methods, we will understand the ocean optical properties of red tide and use the remote sensing reflectance simulator in the future to produce the input data necessary for developing the red tide analysis technology based on machine learning. Therefore, in this study, as an initial analysis, we will compare the in-situ data of red tide and non-red tide waters off the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula in September 2014 and August 2017 to identify differences in the spectral form and compare the ability of the remote sensing reflectance spectrum with the field data using a remote sensing reflectance simulator.</p>

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Direct evidence for symbiont sequestration in the marine red tide ciliate Mesodinium rubrum

Aquatic Microbial Ecology ◽

10.3354/ame01559 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 63-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

PJ Hansen ◽

M Moldrup ◽

W Tarangkoon ◽

L Garcia-Cuetos ◽

Ø Moestrup

Keyword(s):

Direct Evidence ◽

Red Tide ◽

Mesodinium Rubrum

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Space station image captures a red tide ciliate bloom at high spectral and spatial resolution

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1512538112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (48) ◽

pp. 14783-14787 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Heidi Dierssen ◽

George B. McManus ◽

Adam Chlus ◽

Dajun Qiu ◽

Bo-Cai Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hyperspectral Image ◽

Red Tide ◽

Space Station ◽

High Growth ◽

Physical Mechanisms ◽

Mesodinium Rubrum ◽

Algal Prey ◽

Marine Productivity ◽

Short Time ◽

Globally Distributed

Mesodinium rubrum is a globally distributed nontoxic ciliate that is known to produce intense red-colored blooms using enslaved chloroplasts from its algal prey. Although frequent enough to have been observed by Darwin, blooms of M. rubrum are notoriously difficult to quantify because M. rubrum can aggregate into massive clouds of rusty-red water in a very short time due to its high growth rates and rapid swimming behavior and can disaggregate just as quickly by vertical or horizontal dispersion. A September 2012 hyperspectral image from the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean sensor aboard the International Space Station captured a dense red tide of M. rubrum (106 cells per liter) in surface waters of western Long Island Sound. Genetic data confirmed the identity of the chloroplast as a cryptophyte that was actively photosynthesizing. Microscopy indicated extremely high abundance of its yellow fluorescing signature pigment phycoerythrin. Spectral absorption and fluorescence features were related to ancillary photosynthetic pigments unique to this organism that cannot be observed with traditional satellites. Cell abundance was estimated at a resolution of 100 m using an algorithm based on the distinctive yellow fluorescence of phycoerythrin. Future development of hyperspectral satellites will allow for better enumeration of bloom-forming coastal plankton, the associated physical mechanisms, and contributions to marine productivity.

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