A Descriptive Study of Histopathological of Chronic Brain Ischemia of Rat Tissue

Worldwide, cerebrovascular accidents (stroke) are the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability. However, not many the histopathological study of progression in chronic stroke has been published so far. This study gives the detail explanation of mechanism of recovery and might give the idea of new timeline when to set up the treatment to regenerate restoration of damaged cells. Fourteen male Wistar rats (15–20 weeks, weighing 250-400 g) were used in this study. Prior to 7 days of adaptation to the laboratory environment, rats were divided into four groups. Sham group (n=2), rats that sacrificied 4th week (n=2), 8th week (n=5), 12th week(n=5). 90 minutes temporary MCAO procedures were performed using the Indonesian modified technique. CD31 and Doublecortin markers were used to evaluate angiogenesis and neurogenesis. The results showed that ventricle size of ipsilateral brain was not so affected as in week 12th compared to 8th week. Gliosis as a response to damage to the central nervous system was more dense in week 12th as oppose to week 4th. Regarding angiogenesis and neurogenesis, there is significant improvement of angiogenesis and neurogenesis within weeks, however 4th week post MCAO shows prominent recovery. We summarized that rat’s brain shows spontanenous improvement in chronic phase of stroke ischemia and angiogenesis and neurogenesis still happends until week 12th.

Identification and Probiotic Potency Screening of Cellulolytic Bacilli Isolated from Fecal Pellets and Gastrointestinal Tract of Nypha Worm (Namalycastis rhodochorde), West Kalimantan, Indonesia

The bacterial isolates NrLtF1, NrLtF4, NrLtF5, and NrLtG2 isolated from fecal pellets and gastrointestinal tract of nypha worms (Namalycastis rhodochorde) have cellulolytic, proteolytic activity and produce organic acids. The four isolates have the potency to be developed as probiotics in nypha worm cultivation feed. This study aims to determine the probiotics potency and identify the species of NrLtF1, NrLtF4, NrLtF5, and NrLtG2 isolate based on 16srDNA sequence. The probiotic potency was carried out by the acid tolerance assays on distilled water and 0.3% acid bile media, and the antimicrobial testing against Escherichia coli (MF exp21.12). Bacterial identification was carried out by sequencing of 16sDNA sequence based on GeneBank data. The results showed that the bacterial isolates of NrLtF1, NrLtF4, NrLtF5, and NrLtG2 were able to grow on 0.3% distilled water and acid bile media. However, only the NrLtF4 and NrLtF5 inhibited E. coli (MF exp21.12) with halo zones 30 mm and 18 mm, respectively. Blasting results of the 16srDNA sequences showed that the NrLtF1, NrLtF4, NrLtF5, and NrLtG2 were closely related to Bacillus wiedmannii, Brevibacterium sediminis, Bacillus proteolyticus, and Bacillus paramycoides. The nypha worm bacterial isolates have the potency to be developed as probiotics in nypha worm culture.

Pengaruh Kedalaman Sarang Terhadap Daya Tetas Telur Penyu Lekang (Lepidochelys olivacea Escholtz, 1829) di Kawasan Penangkaran Penyu Kota Pariaman

This study aims to determine the hatchability of Olive Ridley Sea Turtle eggs at different nest depths. This is an experimental research that used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four nest depths P1:30 cm, P2:40 cm, P3:50 cm, P4:60 cm and 4 repetition with each nest filled with 10 eggs. Environmental nest temperatureair and air humidity were measured during the incubation period. The number of hatched eggs collected on day 60 incubation or when the moment hatchlings reveal at nest surface. Data collected after 60 days incubation as the average percentage of hatched eggs and test by ANOVA, with Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The result showed the average of percentage hatchability P1 92.5%, P2 90.0%, P3 82.5% and P4 60%. Based on statistical analysis the P1, P2, and P3 increased hatchability significantly higher (p<0,05) compared to P4. From the results studied it can be concluded that the nest depth has influenced egg hatchability of Olive Ridley Sea Turtle in Turtle Breeding of Pariaman City.

Ecological Linkages Between Snails and Litters In Mount Gandang Dewata, West Sulawesi

Mount Gandang Dewata in West Sulawesi was recently granted National Park status. Exploration of land snails in Taman Nasional Gandang Dewata (TNGD) has never been carried out. Therefore, a study of land snails in the National Park was conducted in April 2016 to examine the composition of land snails in different habitats, namely primary and secondary forests. Overall, 43 specimens (21 species from 8 families) were found from eight study sites. Snails are not found in steep areas, on moderate slopes 1-10 snails are found, and in flat areas 8-13 snails are found. The analysis was carried out by the principal components (PCA). According to the PCA, three groups of snails were formed. Environmental factors such as litter, altitude, humidity, calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), and sodium (Na) are discussed in relation to snails. In this paper, litter factors are discussed in greater depth than other environmental factors. Snails and litter interact in an ecological relationship in the forest ecosystem of Mount Gandang Dewata.

Pengaruh Inokulasi Glomus mosseae terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Artemisia cina Berg ex Poljakov

Artemisia cina is a wild herbaceous plant that has secondary metabolites as a source of antioxidants. The addition of mycorrhizal species Glomus mosseae can increase the antioxidant activity of plants Artemisia cina. This study aims to determine the effect of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae on the growth and content of antioxidant compounds in Artemisia cina. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD), with four levels of treatment, namely: media without G. mosseae (control), media with G. mosseae 5,10 and 15 g with 5 replications for each treatment. Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, 5th leaf length and width, wet and dry weight, root length, percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols were also observed. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method. The results showed that the treatment Glomus mosseae with a dose of 15 g was significantly different from the control on plant growth parameters, number of leaves, root length, wet weight and dry weight of plants, and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in plants. Treatment of Glomus mosseae 15 g on the test results of antioxidant compounds also showed the highest content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenols and flavonoids from the statistical test results found in the 15 g treatment, respectively, namely 6,405 g/ml; 0.766 g/ml; 70.9 g/ml; and 335 g/ml had a significant difference to the control treatment. While the results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method showed that the control treatment had the highest antioxidant activity with an ICvalue50 of 9,494 g/ml. The results showed that the mycorrhizal species of G. mosseae increased the growth and content of antioxidant compounds inplants A. cina.

Identifikasi Golongan Darah O dengan Metode Absorpsi Elusi pada Sampel Darah Kering yang Terdapat pada substrat Kain Jeans dalam Waktu dan Lingkungan Berbeda

This research aims to determine the time limit needed and the environmental conditions that provide the highest success rate in identifying dried blood samples on the fabric of stretch denim, ramie denim, black coated denim, and dry denim jeans using the elution absorption method. Also, to evaluate the effect of the fabric fabric, environmental condition, time, and interactions regarding the success rate of blood group identification. The study was conducted using 3 replications for each type of jeans fabric, which was carried out by exposing blood to a jeans fabric, leaving it in an indoor and outdoor environment for up to 336 hours (14 days), then continued by making a red blood cell suspension for comparison, and examining blood groups using the absorption-elution method. From the results obtained, it is known that the blood exposed in the jeans fabric that being placed indoor for up to 336 hours (14 days) can still be identified and has a success percentage rate of up to 100%. Meanwhile, the blood exposed on the jeans fabric that was placed outdoor could no longer be identified after 264 hours (11 days). Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that the exposure time of 366 hours (14 days) for the indoor environment can still be identified properly, while the exposure time of 264 hours (11 days) for dry blood samples in the outdoor environment can no longer be identified. The indoor environment gives a better percentage of success than the outdoor environment in identifying blood types from dry blood samples. The best types of substrates that can store blood at an exposure time of up to 336 hours (14 days) are dry denim, black coated denim, and stretch denim.

Diversitas Genetika dan Identifikasi Jenis Kelamin Burung Pelikan (Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824) di Penangkaran Taman Margasatwa Ragunan Jakarta

Pelicans (Pelecanus conspicillatus) is one of the wild species that have a widely distribution. This bird has been successfully bred in Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta. The indicator of inbreeding in the captive population is shown by the decrease of nucleotide diversity and number of haplotypes. The result of genetic diversity analysis using D-loop fragment sequences showed low genetic diversity with nucleotide diversity (p) = 0.00064 ± 0.00010 and haplotype diversity (Hd) = 0.532 ± 0.061 in Pelecanus conspicillatus populations in the Ragunan Zoo. However, negative Fu's Fs value (-3,246) indicates population expansion. We found that there were seven haplotypes in bird populations in the captivity: haplotype 1, 2 and 3 consist of 43 individuals (65.15%), five individuals (7.57%), and 14 individuals (21.21%), respectively. For each haplotype 4, 5, 6 and 7 is only represented by one individual of Pelecanus conspicillatus (1.51%). The sex ratio of males to females is 1: 8.86 with four males identified as haplotype 1, and one male on haplotypes 3, 5 and 7, respectively. Genetic diversity data of the population is an important way for designing long-term plans and goals in efforts to maintain genetic diversity of the Pelecanus conspicillatus population in captivity.

Pemanfaatan Karagenan Sebagai Bahan Pelapis Pigmen Alami yang Ditambahkan Pada Tempe Untuk Meningkatkan Aktivitas Antioksidan

The antioxidant content in tempeh is dominated by isoflavones, but has a relatively low antioxidant activity (IC50). The addition of natural pigments is a solution to increase the antioxidant activity of tempeh. However, natural pigments are very susceptible to damage due to environmental factors, therefore it is necessary to coat with a polysaccharyde such as carrageenan to protect pigments. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of adding natural pigments coated with carrageenan on antioxidant activity and water content of tempeh. The sample used was tempeh with the addition of pigments uncoated and coated with 2%, 3%, 4% carrageenan, and tempeh without addition of pigments as a control. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) method at 0 and 48 hours of fermentation. Meanwhile, water content was analyzed using gravimetry method at 48 hours of fermentation. Results showed that the addition of uncoated and coated pigments and fermentation time was able to increase antioxidant activity of tempeh compared to control. The IC50 value of control at 0 hour was 197.50±35.94 mg/ml which changed to 62.52±9.71 mg/ml after 48 hours of fermentation. The activity was stronger in tempeh with pigment, namely 22.49±4.30 mg/ml on the addition of uncoated pigments, and successively 22.10±6.68 mg/ml, 22.88±6.16 mg/ml, 35.35±12.30 mg/ml on the addition of pigments coated with 2%, 3%, and 4% carrageenan. Coating treatment is able to decrease the water content on tempeh with the lowest water content obtained from the addition of pigment coated with 4% carrageenan. The addition of pigments and fermentation time increased the antioxidant activity of tempeh. Coating treatment with carrageenan was able to maintain the pigment color from degradation and decrease the water content in tempeh.