scholarly journals Priming reveals similarities and differences between three purported cases of implicature: Some, number and free choice disjunctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 104206
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Meyer ◽  
Roman Feiman
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Meyer ◽  
Roman Feiman

implicature has been proposed as a single mechanism which can derive one reading from another in a systematic way. While a single formal mechanism for computing implicatures across disparate cases has an appealing parsimony, differences in behavioral and processing signatures between cases have created a debate about whether the same computation really is so widely shared. Building on previous work by Bott & Chemla (2016), three experiments use structural priming to test for shared computations across three purported cases of implicature: the quantifier "some", number words, and Free Choice disjunctions. While we find evidence of a shared computation between the enriched readings of "some" and number words, we find no evidence that Free Choice readings involve any shared computation with either "some" or number. Along with evidence of a shared mechanism between "some" and number implicatures, we also find substantial differences between these two cases. We propose a way to reconcile these findings, as well as seemingly contradictory prior evidence, by understanding implicature as a sequence of separable sub-computations. This implies a spectrum of possibilities for which sub-computations might be shared or distinct between cases, instead of a a single implicature mechanism that can only be either present or absent.


Author(s):  
Néstor Hernández-Green

This chapter describes two types of headless relative clauses in Acazulco Otomi: free relative clauses and light-headed relative clauses. Interrogative and headed relative constructions are briefly introduced as well, in order to highlight similarities and differences with headless relative constructions. Most data in the chapter were obtained from a corpus of Acazulco Otomi, and these were complemented by data from direct elicitation. Some interesting findings are: (a) the free-choice constructions of the language have a dedicated morpheme xo, which even occurs without a wh-word; (b) the deictic pro-forms used in headless relative clauses seem to have two degrees of grammaticalization according to the type of construction they appear in; and (c) all Acazulco Otomi headless relative constructions must have either a light head or a wh-word, in contrast to other Otomi languages, which accept headless relatives without such elements.


1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milo E. Bishop ◽  
Robert L. Ringel ◽  
Arthur S. House

The oral form-discrimination abilities of 18 orally educated and oriented deaf high school subjects were determined and compared to those of manually educated and oriented deaf subjects and normal-hearing subjects. The similarities and differences among the responses of the three groups were discussed and then compared to responses elicited from subjects with functional disorders of articulation. In general, the discrimination scores separated the manual deaf from the other two groups, particularly when differences in form shapes were involved in the test. The implications of the results for theories relating orosensory-discrimination abilities are discussed. It is postulated that, while a failure in oroperceptual functioning may lead to disorders of articulation, a failure to use the oral mechanism for speech activities, even in persons with normal orosensory capabilities, may result in poor performance on oroperceptual tasks.


2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Sevillano ◽  
Susan T. Fiske

Abstract. Nonhuman animals are typically excluded from the scope of social psychology. This article presents animals as social objects – targets of human social responses – overviewing the similarities and differences with human targets. The focus here is on perceiving animal species as social groups. Reflecting the two fundamental dimensions of humans’ social cognition – perceived warmth (benign or ill intent) and competence (high or low ability), proposed within the Stereotype Content Model ( Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002 ) – animal stereotypes are identified, together with associated prejudices and behavioral tendencies. In line with human intergroup threats, both realistic and symbolic threats associated with animals are reviewed. As a whole, animals appear to be social perception targets within the human sphere of influence and a valid topic for research.


Author(s):  
Glen E. Bodner ◽  
Rehman Mulji

Left/right “fixed” responses to arrow targets are influenced by whether a masked arrow prime is congruent or incongruent with the required target response. Left/right “free-choice” responses on trials with ambiguous targets that are mixed among fixed trials are also influenced by masked arrow primes. We show that the magnitude of masked priming of both fixed and free-choice responses is greater when the proportion of fixed trials with congruent primes is .8 rather than .2. Unconscious manipulation of context can thus influence both fixed and free choices. Sequential trial analyses revealed that these effects of the overall prime context on fixed and free-choice priming can be modulated by the local context (i.e., the nature of the previous trial). Our results support accounts of masked priming that posit a memory-recruitment, activation, or decision process that is sensitive to aspects of both the local and global context.


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