Prime Proportion Affects Masked Priming of Fixed and Free-Choice Responses

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 360-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen E. Bodner ◽  
Rehman Mulji
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Sequential Trial

Left/right “fixed” responses to arrow targets are influenced by whether a masked arrow prime is congruent or incongruent with the required target response. Left/right “free-choice” responses on trials with ambiguous targets that are mixed among fixed trials are also influenced by masked arrow primes. We show that the magnitude of masked priming of both fixed and free-choice responses is greater when the proportion of fixed trials with congruent primes is .8 rather than .2. Unconscious manipulation of context can thus influence both fixed and free choices. Sequential trial analyses revealed that these effects of the overall prime context on fixed and free-choice priming can be modulated by the local context (i.e., the nature of the previous trial). Our results support accounts of masked priming that posit a memory-recruitment, activation, or decision process that is sensitive to aspects of both the local and global context.

scholarly journals A Fast and Lightweight Method with Feature Fusion and Multi-Context for Face Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Xiaoli Zhi
Keyword(s):  
Face Detection ◽  
Graphics Processing Units ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Feature Fusion ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Benchmark Datasets

Convolutional neural networks (CNN for short) have made great progress in face detection. They mostly take computation intensive networks as the backbone in order to obtain high precision, and they cannot get a good detection speed without the support of high-performance GPUs (Graphics Processing Units). This limits CNN-based face detection algorithms in real applications, especially in some speed dependent ones. To alleviate this problem, we propose a lightweight face detector in this paper, which takes a fast residual network as backbone. Our method can run fast even on cheap and ordinary GPUs. To guarantee its detection precision, multi-scale features and multi-context are fully exploited in efficient ways. Specifically, feature fusion is used to obtain semantic strongly multi-scale features firstly. Then multi-context including both local and global context is added to these multi-scale features without extra computational burden. The local context is added through a depthwise separable convolution based approach, and the global context by a simple global average pooling way. Experimental results show that our method can run at about 110 fps on VGA (Video Graphics Array)-resolution images, while still maintaining competitive precision on WIDER FACE and FDDB (Face Detection Data Set and Benchmark) datasets as compared with its state-of-the-art counterparts.

scholarly journals Using experience to improve: how errors shape behavior and brain activity in monkeys

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5395
Author(s):  
Jose L. Pardo-Vazquez ◽  
Carlos Acuña
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Current Trial ◽  
Future Behavior

Previous works have shown that neurons from the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) represent several elements of perceptual decisions. One of the most striking findings was that, after the outcome of the choice is known, neurons from PMv encode all the information necessary for evaluating the decision process. These results prompted us to suggest that this cortical area could be involved in shaping future behavior. In this work, we have characterized neuronal activity and behavioral performance as a function of the outcome of the previous trial. We found that the outcome of the immediately previous trial (n−1) significantly changes, in the current trial (n), the activity of single cells and behavioral performance. The outcome of trial n−2, however, does not affect either behavior or neuronal activity. Moreover, the outcome of difficult trials had a greater impact on performance and recruited more PMv neurons than the outcome of easy trials. These results give strong support to our suggestion that PMv neurons evaluate the decision process and use this information to modify future behavior.

scholarly journals Context modeling based on feature models expressed as views on ontologies via mappings

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinisa Neskovic ◽  
Rade Matic
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Feature Model ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Context Modeling ◽  
Feature Models ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Global And Local

This paper presents an approach for context modeling in complex self adapted systems consisting of many independent context-aware applications. The contextual information used for adaptation of all system applications is described by an ontology treated as a global context model. A local context model tailored to the specific needs of a particular application is defined as a view over the global context in the form of a feature model. Feature models and their configurations derived from the global context state are then used by a specific dynamic software product line in order to adapt applications at runtime. The main focus of the paper is on the realization of mappings between global and local contexts. The paper describes an overall model architecture and provides corresponding metamodels as well as rules for a mapping between feature models and ontologies.

Social Partnerships

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-99
Keyword(s):  
International Experience ◽  
Local Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Governance Capacity ◽  
Social Partnership ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Governance Models ◽  
Social Partnerships

The pattern from international experience suggests that social partnerships emerge as forms of governance reflecting to a broadened governance capacity, which enables better governance of the political system. Crisis has been a catalyst for the co-opting of multiple stakeholders into governance models globally, which resonates the global context with the local context of Jamaica. In the previous chapter, the global, regional, and national contextual frames within which the discourses around Jamaica's social experience could be located were established. In the context of Jamaica, reasons are posited to account for the low pursuance of tripartite social partnership and why deeper models appear elusive or limited in scope. This would suggest that other factors of context, culture, issues of power, capacity, structure, and institution have an influence in determining modalities and models.

Integration Processes Compared: Cortical Differences for Consistency Evaluation and Passive Comprehension in Local and Global Coherence

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1568-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Egidi ◽  
Alfonso Caramazza
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Passive Listening ◽  
Natural Discourse ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Consistency Evaluation

This research studies the neural systems underlying two integration processes that take place during natural discourse comprehension: consistency evaluation and passive comprehension. Evaluation was operationalized with a consistency judgment task and passive comprehension with a passive listening task. Using fMRI, the experiment examined the integration of incoming sentences with more recent, local context and with more distal, global context in these two tasks. The stimuli were stories in which we manipulated the consistency of the endings with the local context and the relevance of the global context for the integration of the endings. A whole-brain analysis revealed several differences between the two tasks. Two networks previously associated with semantic processing and attention orienting showed more activation during the judgment than the passive listening task. A network previously associated with episodic memory retrieval and construction of mental scenes showed greater activity when global context was relevant, but only during the judgment task. This suggests that evaluation, more than passive listening, triggers the reinstantiation of global context and the construction of a rich mental model for the story. Finally, a network previously linked to fluent updating of a knowledge base showed greater activity for locally consistent endings than inconsistent ones, but only during passive listening, suggesting a mode of comprehension that relies on a local scope approach to language processing. Taken together, these results show that consistency evaluation and passive comprehension weigh differently on distal and local information and are implemented, in part, by different brain networks.

scholarly journals Encoding context determines risky choice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Madan ◽  
Marcia L Spetch ◽  
Fernanda Machado ◽  
Alice Mason ◽  
Elliot Andrew Ludvig
Keyword(s):  
Risky Choice ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Context Memory ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

Both memory and choice are influenced by context: Memory is enhanced when encoding and retrieval contexts match, and choice is swayed by available options. Here, we assessed how context influences risky choice in an experience-based task. Within a single session, we created two separate contexts by presenting blocks of trials in distinct backgrounds. Risky choices were context-dependent; given the same choice, people chose differently depending on other outcomes experienced in that context. Choices reflected an overweighting of the most extreme outcomes within each local context, rather than the global context of all outcomes. When tested in the non-trained context, people chose according to the context at encoding and not retrieval. In subsequent memory tests, people displayed biases specific to distinct contexts: extreme outcomes from each context were more accessible and judged as more frequent. These results pose a challenge for theories of choice that rely on retrieval as guiding choice.

scholarly journals Contextual Cueing Effect Under Rapid Presentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Xie ◽  
Siyi Chen ◽  
Xuelian Zang
Keyword(s):  
Target Selection ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Search Display ◽  
Contextual Cueing ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Context Learning ◽  
Cueing Effect ◽  
Rapid Presentation

In contextual cueing, previously encountered context tends to facilitate the detection of the target embedded in it than when the target appears in a novel context. In this study, we investigated whether the contextual cueing could develop at early time when the search display was presented briefly. In four experiments, participants searched for a target T in an array of distractor Ls. The results showed that with a rather short presentation time of the search display, participants were able to learn the spatial context and speeded up their response time overall, with the learning effect lasting for a long period. Specifically, the contextual cueing effect was observed either with or without a mask after a duration of 300-ms presentation of the search display. Such a context learning under rapid presentation could not operate only with the local context information repeated, thus suggesting that a global context was required to guide spatial attention when the viewing time of the search display was limited. Overall, these findings indicate that contextual cueing might arise at an “early,” target selection stage and that the global context is necessary for the context learning under rapid presentation to function.

scholarly journals Impact of English on the Career of Engineering Students: A Brief Overview in G(local) Context

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rup Narayan Shrestha ◽  
Bharat Raj Pahari ◽  
Jai Raj Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
The World ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Engineering Journal

The present article highlights the importance of the English language in the career of the students of engineering both in global and local contexts. The main objective of this article is to explore the impact of English language on the career of the students of engineering all over the world in general and in Nepal in particular. Based primarily on the literature review for the necessary data, it reveals the fact that the English language is a most essential language for the students of engineering  not only in Nepal but it is equally relevant in the global context as well. It suggests that there is widespread application of English language in the feld of engineering. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2015, 11(1): 182-188

Human Geographies of Stellenbosch: Transforming Space, Preserving Place?

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Global Context

Amid a growing ‘turn’ towards Southern cities, South African urban geographers continue to remind us why and how to attend to local context and draw on theory from elsewhere. Human Geographies of Stellenbosch: Transforming Space, Preserving Place? (edited by Ronnie Donaldson) provides a deep look at crucial questions facing one of South Africa’s most well-known town-cities. Written from years of local knowledge by scholars at Stellenbosch University, this volume asks what urban transformation means, who it is for, and the politically tantalising question of whether and how we might hold on to some of the old while aspiring towards the new? In a global context in which we are all searching for how to justly remember our messy past, how to decolonise and hold onto what makes places unique, this volume will be of interest to scholars asking such questions in and beyond urban studies.

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