Structure-rheological properties relationships in model drilling fluids formulated in aqueous solutions of carrageenan with varying chemical structures

Controlling the annular frictional pressure losses is important in order to drill safely with overpressure without fracturing the formation. To predict these pressure losses, however, is not straightforward. First of all, the pressure losses depend on the annulus eccentricity. Moving the drillstring to the wall generates a wider flow channel in part of the annulus which reduces the frictional pressure losses significantly. The drillstring motion itself also affects the pressure loss significantly. The drillstring rotation, even for fairly small rotation rates, creates unstable flow and sometimes turbulence in the annulus even without axial flow. Transversal motion of the drillstring creates vortices that destabilize the flow. Consequently, the annular frictional pressure loss is increased even though the drilling fluid becomes thinner because of added shear rate. Naturally, the rheological properties of the drilling fluid play an important role. These rheological properties include more properties than the viscosity as measured by API procedures. It is impossible to use the same frictional pressure loss model for water based and oil based drilling fluids even if their viscosity profile is equal because of the different ways these fluids build viscosity. Water based drilling fluids are normally constructed as a polymer solution while the oil based are combinations of emulsions and dispersions. Furthermore, within both water based and oil based drilling fluids there are functional differences. These differences may be sufficiently large to require different models for two water based drilling fluids built with different types of polymers. In addition to these phenomena washouts and tool joints will create localised pressure losses. These localised pressure losses will again be coupled with the rheological properties of the drilling fluids. In this paper, all the above mentioned phenomena and their consequences for annular pressure losses will be discussed in detail. North Sea field data is used as an example. It is not straightforward to build general annular pressure loss models. This argument is based on flow stability analysis and the consequences of using drilling fluids with different rheological properties. These different rheological properties include shear dependent viscosity, elongational viscosity and other viscoelastic properties.

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Insight on Solution Plasma in Aqueous Solution and Their Application in Modification of Chitin and Chitosan

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4308

Author(s):

Chayanaphat Chokradjaroen ◽

Jiangqi Niu ◽

Gasidit Panomsuwan ◽

Nagahiro Saito

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Scientific Progress ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Plasma Process ◽

Renewable Materials ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Chitin And Chitosan ◽

Insight Into

Sustainability and environmental concerns have persuaded researchers to explore renewable materials, such as nature-derived polysaccharides, and add value by changing chemical structures with the aim to possess specific properties, like biological properties. Meanwhile, finding methods and strategies that can lower hazardous chemicals, simplify production steps, reduce time consumption, and acquire high-purified products is an important task that requires attention. To break through these issues, electrical discharging in aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, referred to as the “solution plasma process”, has been introduced as a novel process for modification of nature-derived polysaccharides like chitin and chitosan. This review reveals insight into the electrical discharge in aqueous solutions and scientific progress on their application in a modification of chitin and chitosan, including degradation and deacetylation. The influencing parameters in the plasma process are intensively explained in order to provide a guideline for the modification of not only chitin and chitosan but also other nature-derived polysaccharides, aiming to address economic aspects and environmental concerns.

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Adsorption of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different chemical structures onto various resins from aqueous solutions

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra04191k ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (52) ◽

pp. 41352-41358 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Luyang Li ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Xinhua Qi

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Adsorption Behavior ◽

Chemical Structures

The adsorption behavior of a series of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different chemical structures onto various resins was investigated.

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Development of Digital Twins for Drilling Fluids: Local Velocities for Hole Cleaning and Rheology Monitoring

10.1115/omae2021-62987 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mehrdad Gharib Shirangi ◽

Roger Aragall ◽

Reza Ettehadi ◽

Roland May ◽

Edward Furlong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Training Data ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Hole Cleaning ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Wide Range ◽

Drilling Operations ◽

Cuttings Bed

Abstract In this work, we present our advances to develop and apply digital twins for drilling fluids and associated wellbore phenomena during drilling operations. A drilling fluid digital twin is a series of interconnected models that incorporate the learning from the past historical data in a wide range of operational settings to determine the fluids properties in realtime operations. From several drilling fluid functionalities and operational parameters, we describe advancements to improve hole cleaning predictions and high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) rheological properties monitoring. In the hole cleaning application, we consider the Clark and Bickham (1994) approach which requires the prediction of the local fluid velocity above the cuttings bed as a function of operating conditions. We develop accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to capture the effects of rotation, eccentricity and bed height on local fluid velocities above cuttings bed. We then run 55,000 CFD simulations for a wide range of operational settings to generate training data for machine learning. For rheology monitoring, thousands of lab experiment records are collected as training data for machine learning. In this case, the HPHT rheological properties are determined based on rheological measurement in the American Petroleum Institute (API) condition together with the fluid type and composition data. We compare the results of application of several machine learning algorithms to represent CFD simulations (for hole cleaning application) and lab experiments (for monitoring HPHT rheological properties). Rotating cross-validation method is applied to ensure accurate and robust results. In both cases, models from the Gradient Boosting and the Artificial Neural Network algorithms provided the highest accuracy (about 0.95 in terms of R-squared) for test datasets. With developments presented in this paper, the hole cleaning calculations can be performed more accurately in real-time, and the HPHT rheological properties of drilling fluids can be estimated at the rigsite before performing the lab experiments. These contributions advance digital transformation of drilling operations.

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Experimental study of the effect of adding nanoparticles on the rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2057/1/012120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2057 (1) ◽

pp. 012120

Author(s):

E I Mikhienkova ◽

A V Minakov ◽

A V Matveev ◽

S V Lysakov

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Systematic Study ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Average Size ◽

Nanoparticle Additives

Abstract A systematic study of the effect of nanoparticles of various concentrations and sizes on the rheological properties of various oil-based drilling fluids with nanoparticle additives has been carried out. The concentration of nanoparticles in drilling emulsions varied from 0.25 to 2 wt%, and the average size of nanoparticles ranged from 18 to 100 nm. As a result of numerous laboratory experiments, formulations and technology for the preparation of stable oil-based drilling fluids with additives of nanoparticles have been developed. The effect of nanoparticles on the viscosity and rheological properties of these drilling fluids has been studied.

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Rheological Properties of Associative Star Polymers in Aqueous Solutions: Effect of Hydrophobe Length and Polymer Topology

Macromolecules ◽

10.1021/ma801805q ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 1726-1732 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Sami Hietala ◽

Satu Strandman ◽

Paula Järvi ◽

Mika Torkkeli ◽

Katja Jankova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Star Polymers ◽

Polymer Topology

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Improving the rheological properties of water-based calcium bentonite drilling fluids using water-soluble polymers in high temperature applications

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng-2021-0205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Jinliang Liu ◽

Fengshan Zhou ◽

Fengyi Deng ◽

Hongxing Zhao ◽

Zhongjin Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Apparent Viscosity ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Shear Thickening ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Depth ◽

Filtration Loss ◽

Calcium Bentonite

Abstract Most of bentonite used in modern drilling engineering is physically and chemically modified calcium bentonite. However, with the increase of drilling depth, the bottom hole temperature may reach 180 °C, thus a large amount of calcium bentonite used in the drilling fluid will be unstable. This paper covers three kinds of calcium bentonite with poor rheological properties at high temperature, such as apparent viscosity is greater than 45 mPa·s or less than 10 mPa·s, API filtration loss is greater than 25 mL/30 min, which are diluted type, shear thickening type and low-shear type, these defects will make the rheological properties of drilling fluid worse. The difference is attributed to bentonite mineral composition, such as montmorillonite with good hydration expansion performance. By adding three kinds of heat-resistant water-soluble copolymers Na-HPAN (hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile sodium), PAS (polycarboxylate salt) and SMP (sulfomethyl phenolic resin), the rheological properties of calcium bentonite drilling fluids can be significantly improved. For example, the addition of 0.1 wt% Na-HPAN and 0.1 wt% PAS increased the apparent viscosity of the XZJ calcium bentonite suspension from 4.5 to 19.5 mPa·s at 180 °C, and the filtration loss also decreased from 20.2 to 17.8 mL.

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