Effect of cold water temperature on membrane structure and properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 540 ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Cui ◽  
Carl Goodwin ◽  
Wa Gao ◽  
Baoqiang Liao
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Cold Water Temperature

scholarly journals Fluctuating temperature of the mains water throughout the year and its influence on the consumption of energy for the purposes of DHW preparation

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
New Model ◽  
Water Influence ◽  
Family Building ◽  
Cold Water Temperature

The article discusses the influence of the cold water temperature on the amount of energy consumed for the purposes of the DHW preparation in multi-family buildings. The article begins with a presentation of the DHW consumption readings from a multi-family building, recorded on a monthly basis during the period of 4 years. The readings constituted the base for calculating the demand for energy for the purposes of the DHW preparation. Subsequently, basing on the output water temperature readings from the water treatment plant, it was proved that the temperature of the mains water fluctuates throughout the year. The review of the available literature, as well as the measurements, confirmed that it is necessary to develop a new model of the cold water temperature that would take into account the type of intake in a water treatment plant. The final part of the article presents how the accepted assumptions about the temperature of the mains water influence the consumption of energy for the purposes of the DHW preparation.

Regional-scale variability of cold water temperature: Implications for household water-related energy demand

2017 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julijana Bors ◽  
Katherine R. O’Brien ◽  
Steven J. Kenway ◽  
Paul A. Lant
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Related Energy ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Cold Water Temperature

scholarly journals Experimental determination of cold water temperature at the inlet to solar water storage tanks

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Zukowski
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Cold Water Temperature

In the present work, results of experimental research on the mains water temperature supplying the Solar Domestic Hot Water system in the period from 2016 to 2018 are shown. The test object is located in the Hotel for Research Assistants on Bialystok University of Technology campus in Poland. One of the elements that will guarantee the correct energy balance of a hot tap-water system is the exact determination of the cold water temperature. The aim of this study is estimation of the temperature of the mains water flowing into the district heating substation and the water feeding directly the heat storage tanks. The research results showed that the average value of the cold water was 14.09°C during the 3 years of measurements. Moreover, it was shown that this temperature increased by about 0.4°C as a result of heat exchange with the air inside the substation. In the article, the author proposed modifications of coefficients in a commonly used model developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory for determining the temperature of mains water in energy simulations. The proposed changes allow for accurate modelling of the cold water temperature under the climate conditions of north-eastern Poland.

scholarly journals Financial Analysis of the Use of Two Horizontal Drain Water Heat Recovery Units

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Pochwat ◽  
Sabina Kordana-Obuch ◽  
Mariusz Starzec ◽  
Beata Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Drain Water ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Cold Water Temperature ◽  
The Impact

The growing interest in the use of unconventional energy sources is a stimulus for the development of dedicated devices and technologies. Drain water heat recovery (DWHR) units can be an example of such devices. They allow the recovery of part of the heat energy deposited in grey water. This paper describes the results of research on the assessment of the financial profitability of the use of two horizontal heat exchanger solutions, taking into account the actual distribution of cold water temperature during the operating year in the plumbing and two operating regimes of the premises as the residential and service facilities. The analysis showed that the use of a horizontal heat exchanger with increased efficiency in a dwelling in a 15-year life cycle allowed for achieving more than twice as much savings (reaching up to EUR 1427) compared to a classic horizontal heat exchanger. At the same time, it was shown that the installation of this type of equipment was more profitable the greater the water consumption of the premises. The article also notes the impact of cold water temperature in the installation on the results of the analysis. It was featured that taking temperature on the basis of installation design recommendations led to significant distortions in the financial analysis. On the other hand, comparing the method of averaging the cold water temperature (daily, monthly and yearly), it was determined that averaging the temperature over the annual cycle was an acceptable simplification of the model. The research results presented in the paper have a practical aspect and may constitute guidelines for designers and potential investors. In addition, they can be an incentive to continue research on heat exchangers by other scientific centers, which on a global scale will increase the universality of their use.

scholarly journals Cold water temperature anomalies on the Sodwana reefs and their driving mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 (9/10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Wells ◽  
Justin Pringle ◽  
Derek Stretch
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Cyclonic Eddy ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temperature Anomalies ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
Anomaly Pattern ◽  
Cold Water Temperature

The Sodwana reef system experiences short-term temperature fluctuations that may provide relief from bleaching and be crucial in the future survival of the system. These temperature fluctuations are best described as cold water temperature anomaly events that occur over a period of days and cause a drop in temperature of a few degrees on the reef. We explored the statistical link between the temperature anomalies and the regional hydrodynamics to elucidate the driving mechanisms of the temperature anomalies around Sodwana. Temperature measurements taken between 1994 and 2015 on Nine‑Mile Reef at Sodwana show that temperature anomalies occur on average three times per year at Sodwana and predominantly during the summer months. A conditional average of altimetry data at the peak of the temperature anomalies showed the emergence of a negative sea surface height (SSH) anomaly pattern and associated cyclonic eddy just offshore of the Sodwana region. The cyclonic eddies associated with the temperature anomalies originate on the southwestern edge of Madagascar and migrate westwards until they interact with the African coastline at Sodwana. Instantaneous altimetry SSH fields over the 21-year period were cross-correlated to the conditionally averaged SSH field within a 2° region around Sodwana. It was found that 33% of the temperature anomalies at Sodwana were not associated with the presence of cyclonic eddy systems. This finding suggests that an offshore cyclonic eddy interacting with the shelf is not the sole driving mechanism of the temperature anomalies.

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