ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF PERFORATED DRAINAGE PIPELINES CALCULATION IN THE PRESENCE OF TRANSIT FLOW RATE

A method of calculating the error that occurs when determining the flow rate in the final section of the pressure perforated drainage pipeline when it passes transit flow rate, based on the analysis of differential equations describing the fluid motion with variable flow rate in such pipelines is proposed in the paper. The analysis is presented in dimensionless form. The impact of transit flow on the main flow is estimated using the values ​​of the drainage pipeline resistance coefficient ζl and the generalized parameter of the perforated drain A, which takes into account its constructive and filtration characteristics. The obtained calculation formulas are quite simple and easy to use. The proposed method allows to perform calculations of drainage pipelines that operate in the presence of transit flow rate, according to the method of these pipes calculation that dispose drain water without passing transit. Herewith, the possible error, which includes in the calculation results, determines. To illustrate the obtained dependences, the corresponding graphs are given in the paper. The results of the analysis allow to determine the limits within which a simplified method of calculating these pipes can be used and the error, that occurs, can be estimated

Introducing a Calculator for the Environmental and Financial Potential of Drain Water Heat Recovery in Commercial Kitchens

Food service providers like restaurants, cafes, or canteens are of economic importance worldwide, but also contribute to environmental impacts through water and energy consumption. Drain water heat recovery from commercial kitchens, using a heat exchanger, has shown large potential to decarbonise hot water use across food services, but is rarely deployed. This work translates previous findings on the technical feasibility and heat recovery potential for commercial kitchens into a publicly available calculator. It facilitates decision-making towards recovery and reuse of the freely available heat in kitchen drains by estimating both financial costs and payback time, as well as environmental burdens associated with the installation and environmental savings from avoided energy consumption. Environmental burdens and savings include, but are not limited to, carbon emissions. Further, the tool highlights key aspects of the technical implementation to understand installation requirements. The tool is freely available and could contribute to the uptake of heat recovery in the food service sector, ideally in conjunction with policy support through financial incentives or subsidies.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE ON SOME SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

The study aims to study the effect of irrigation water characteristics from different sources (i.e., fresh water and agricultural drainage water) on some chemical properties of the soil (soil pH, soil electrical conductivity “ECe”, sodium adsorption ratio “SAR”, cations exchange capacity “CEC” and exchangeable sodium percentage “ESP”).Therefore, water samples were collected from 15 different sites of the Bahr Mouise canal and likewise from the Bahr El-Baqar drain, which are located in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. In parallel with water sampling, soil samples were taken from the same areas that are irrigated with these waters (i.e., Bahr Mouise canal and Bahr ElBaqar drain). Soil and water samples were analyzed.The results indicated that the irrigation water sources (i.e., Bahr Mouise canal and Bahr El-Baqar drain) were affected on the different of the chemical characteristics of soil. The pH values of the soil that irrigated with Bahr Mouise canal water were ranged from 7.62 to 8.35 with an average 8.01±0.21, while pH values of the soil that irrigated with Bahr El-Baqar drain water were ranged from 7.99 to 8.56 with an average 8.27±0.16. The EC values of the soil that irrigated with Bahr Mouise canal water were ranged from 0.61 to 3.86 dS/m with an average 1.23±1.00 dS/m, while ECe values of the soil that irrigated with Bahr El-Baqar drain water were ranged from 1.82 to 2.67dS/m with an average 2.35±0.30 dS/m. Regarding sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the SAR values average in soil that irrigated with Bahr Mouise canal (ranged from 0.84 to 7.65 mmolc/l with an average 2.12±1.91 mmolc/l) were less than the SAR values average in soil that irrigated with Bahr El-Baqar drain (ranged from 2.49 to 3.79 mmolc/l with an average 3.27±0.38 mmolc/l) with statistically significant differences between them (p-value < 0.05). In addition, the results showed that the CEC values in the soil that irrigated with Bahr El-Baqar drain (ranged from 49.66 to 71.37 cmolc/kg soil with an avera

Depletion risks of essential trace metals in a transboundary drain and its surrounding soil using GIS techniques

Hudiara drain, a big sewage water body originating from India, is an important tributary of river Ravi in Pakistan. In present study, role of the drain in build-up/depletion of metal micronutrients Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in surrounding agricultural lands has been investigated. Soil samples, up to a vertical distance of 1200 m on both sides of the drain and drain water samples were collected and analysed for metal micronutrients. Soil analysis results were interpolated by using the best optimized interpolator to generate continuous variation of the selected metals. Further patterns have been identified using proximity stat with consecutive neighbouring zones of 100 m extent. Cu and Mn concentrations were higher in some drain water samples, whereas Fe and Zn were found below guidelines in all collected water samples. In adjacent agricultural land the metals did not show uniform dispersal pattern along the drain length. However, vertical pattern of distribution indicated that drain water was controlling Cu and Zn concentrations, positively, whereas it was causing a dilution effect on Fe and Mn build-up in the surrounding agricultural lands.

ANALISIS CETAKAN INJEKSI PLASTIK IMPELLER POMPA AIR PADA KAPAL NELAYAN APLIKASI CAD/CAE/CAM

Most of the fishermen in Indonesia, using pumps to drain water in the ship. The use of pumps insea water often lead to rapid corrosion, especially on the impeller. Impeller manufacture of plasticmaterials is an alternative to solve this problem. Stages in the designing mould of plastic impeller is with3D and 2D drawing, choose a suitable polymer material, making mold of product, selecting componentsof mold and simulating the result. In designing mould of plastic impeller used software to simulate theplastic mould with mould parameters plastic inserts to get the best results before the completion ofproduction. As for plastic injection machine that is used to clamp force 1000 ton capacity with 8 pieces ineach injection products and using nylon material, 281,1oC temperature parameters, 62 sec of cycle timeand 80,552 MPa pressure.

Automatic Water Dispenser Based on Hand Gesture Detection Using Arduino

Water dispensers are electronic devices that are widely available in households and offices. In general, water dispensers use faucets to drain water. During the pandemic, many people avoid touching equipment used by many people. Various ways have been done so that the water dispenser can be operated automatically without touching the faucet. Previous research on water dispensers was only applied to one type of water. This study aims to make an automatic water dispenser without touching the faucet used for two types of water, namely hot water or cold water. This research is based on hand gesture detection to choose hot water or cold water. The APDS-9960 gesture sensor detects hand movements to select hot or cold water, and then a servo motor is used to open the water faucet. After that, the position of the glass is validated by the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04, and water will flow for 30 seconds into the glass. The entire input and output process is controlled using Arduino. The results show that this automatic water dispenser can detect hand gestures at a maximum distance of 15 cm with a hand movement speed of 2 to 3.7 seconds. This automatic water dispenser can detect three kinds of glass, namely ceramic, clear glass, and plastic, at a distance of 1 to 3 cm, and the volume of water flowing for 30 seconds is 240 ml.

Substrate Stratification: Layering Unique Substrates within a Container Increases Resource Efficiency without Impacting Growth of Shrub Rose

Nurseries rely on soilless substrates to provide suitable growing media for container grown crops. These soilless substrates have been developed to readily drain water to prevent issues with waterlogging and associated soil-borne disease. A negative consequence of high porosity and subsequent drainage throughout the container profile is the required high or frequent irrigation rates with poor retention of applied nutrients. Substrates with relatively high levels of moisture and nutrient retention placed on top of a coarse and freely draining substrate could further optimize water and nutrient retention, while allowing for needed gas exchange for plant establishment and growth. Containerized Red Drift® rose (Rosa ‘Meigalpio’ PP17877) plants were grown under 16 mm or 12 mm daily irrigation, utilizing a traditional pine bark substrate or stratified substrates with either a conventional bark, bark fines, or a bark–peat mixture on top of a coarse bark within a container. The stratified substrates received 20% less controlled-release fertilizer; however, the fertilizer in the stratified treatments was concentrated in the upper strata only. During the first growing phase or season, plants grown in stratified substrates outperformed those grown in conventional, non-stratified bark substrates under normal irrigation. The stratified substrates did not reduce growth under reduced irrigation regimes. Overall, crop growth was equal or superior for stratified substrates when compared to the non-stratified controls, even with a 20% reduction of fertilizer. This research suggests that stratified substrate systems can be used to reduce fertilizer and irrigation rates while producing crops of similar or superior quality to conventionally grown containerized crops.

An Experimental Investigation on Dew Drain Water for Drinking Purpose

Now a day the drinking water quantity is day by day going down due to some environmental conditions or climatic changes and water scarcity. The groundwater level also decreased in the summer season in comparing to other weather conditions. Generally, the water demand per day is 133per capita. In desert regions or low groundwater level areas the water consumption is very low and usage is also reduced. Minimizing water problems recycled water is used for plantation, garden works, construction work; etc.., So this reason the water saving is important and innovation is needed for the usage of water for any purpose, mainly needed to drinking. This project deals with the dew drain water analysis for drinking purposes. The characteristics of dew drain water match the natural water as per BIS.

Hydrogen Sulphide in Industrial Enterprises Water Management Infrastructure - The Factor of Chemical and Microbiological Corrosion Concrete Degradation of Water Facilities

The durability of concrete, the material which is widely used for water facilities depends on accumulation in operational environments (drain water, air-gas space) of hydrogen sulfide. Now the mechanism of corrosion destruction of concrete in drainage pipelines is represented as result of biogenous sulphuric acid aggression – influence of the sulphuric acid formed by thionic bacteria. The analysis of data on H2S concentration in drain waters of various industrial enterprises demonstrates that they create in gaseous operational media H2S concentration, sufficient for development in aerobic conditions of thionic bacteria. As the results of urban sewer networks inspection have shown, the correlation between concentration of H2S in aqueous phase and its concentration in air environment, between concentration of H2S in air environment and the corrosion rate of concrete’s coffering part is observed. Chemical and X-ray crystallography of this concrete showed that in corrosive concrete decreases pH, reaching in some examples of values 1-2, and sulfates collect. In dynamics of corrosion process the exponential growth of concentration in concrete of extremely acidophilic thionic bacteria is noted.