AbstractMotivationDespite the existing classification- and inference-based machine learning methods that show promising results in drug-target prediction, these methods possess inevitable limitations, where: 1) results are often biased as it lacks negative samples in the classification-based methods, and 2) novel drug-target associations with new (or isolated) drugs/targets cannot be explored by inference-based methods. As big data continues to boom, there is a need to study a scalable, robust, and accurate solution that can process large heterogeneous datasets and yield valuable predictions.ResultsWe introduce a drug-target prediction method that improved our previously proposed method from the three aspects: 1) we constructed a heterogeneous network which incorporates 12 repositories and includes 7 types of biomedical entities (#20,119 entities, # 194,296 associations), 2) we enhanced the feature learning method with Node2Vec, a scalable state-of-art feature learning method, 3) we integrate the originally proposed inference-based model with a classification model, which is further fine-tuned by a negative sample selection algorithm. The proposed method shows a better result for drug–target association prediction: 95.3% AUC ROC score compared to the existing methods in the 10-fold cross-validation tests. We studied the biased learning/testing in the network-based pairwise prediction, and conclude a best training strategy. Finally, we conducted a disease specific prediction task based on 20 diseases. New drug-target associations were successfully predicted with AUC ROC in average, 97.2% (validated based on the DrugBank 5.1.0). The experiments showed the reliability of the proposed method in predicting novel drug-target associations for the disease treatment.
Unsupervised Deep Feature Learning for Remote Sensing Image Retrieval