scholarly journals Cortical auditory distance representation based on direct-to-reverberant energy ratio

NeuroImage ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 116436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Kopco ◽  
Keerthi Kumar Doreswamy ◽  
Samantha Huang ◽  
Stephanie Rossi ◽  
Jyrki Ahveninen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Auditory Distance

scholarly journals Cortical auditory distance representation based on direct-to-reverberant energy ratio

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Kopco ◽  
Keerthi Kumar Doreswamy ◽  
Samantha Huang ◽  
Stephanie Rossi ◽  
Jyrki Ahveninen
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Interaural Level Difference ◽  
Directional Hearing ◽  
List Type ◽  
Binaural Cues ◽  
Auditory Distance ◽  
Neuron Populations

AbstractAuditory distance perception and its neuronal mechanisms are poorly understood, mainly because 1) it is difficult to separate distance processing from intensity processing, 2) multiple intensity-independent distance cues are often available, and 3) the cues are combined in a context-dependent way. A recent fMRI study identified human auditory cortical area representing intensity-independent distance for sources presented along the interaural axis (Kopco et al., PNAS, 109, 11019-11024). For these sources, two intensity-independent cues are available, interaural level difference (ILD) and direct-to-reverberant energy ratio (DRR). Thus, the observed activations may have been contributed by not only distance-related, but also direction-encoding neuron populations sensitive to ILD. Here, the paradigm from the previous study was used to examine DRR-based distance representation for sounds originating in front of the listener, where ILD is not available. In a virtual environment, we performed behavioral and fMRI experiments, combined with computational analyses to identify the neural representation of distance based on DRR. The stimuli varied in distance (15-100 cm) while their received intensity was varied randomly and independently of distance. Behavioral performance showed that intensity-independent distance discrimination is accurate for frontal stimuli, even though it is worse than for lateral stimuli. fMRI activations for sounds varying in frontal distance, as compared to varying only in intensity, increased bilaterally in the posterior banks of Heschl's gyri, the planum temporale, and posterior superior temporal gyrus regions. Taken together, these results suggest that posterior human auditory cortex areas contain neuron populations that are sensitive to distance independent of intensity and of binaural cues relevant for directional hearing.HighlightsPosterior auditory cortices (AC) are sensitive to frontally presented distance cuesThese effects are independent of intensity- and direction-related binaural cuesfMRI activations to frontal distance cues are found in the right and left ACThe frontal reverberation-related auditory distance cues are behaviorally relevant

scholarly journals A Novel Blind Signal Detector Based on the Entropy of the Power Spectrum Subband Energy Ratio

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Han Li ◽  
Yanzhu Hu ◽  
Song Wang
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Interval Probability ◽  
Blind Signal ◽  
Signal Detector ◽  
Subband Energy

In this paper, we present a novel blind signal detector based on the entropy of the power spectrum subband energy ratio (PSER), the detection performance of which is significantly better than that of the classical energy detector. This detector is a full power spectrum detection method, and does not require the noise variance or prior information about the signal to be detected. According to the analysis of the statistical characteristics of the power spectrum subband energy ratio, this paper proposes concepts such as interval probability, interval entropy, sample entropy, joint interval entropy, PSER entropy, and sample entropy variance. Based on the multinomial distribution, in this paper the formulas for calculating the PSER entropy and the variance of sample entropy in the case of pure noise are derived. Based on the mixture multinomial distribution, the formulas for calculating the PSER entropy and the variance of sample entropy in the case of the signals mixed with noise are also derived. Under the constant false alarm strategy, the detector based on the entropy of the power spectrum subband energy ratio is derived. The experimental results for the primary signal detection are consistent with the theoretical calculation results, which proves that the detection method is correct.

scholarly journals Perception of Auditory Distance in Normal-Hearing and Moderate-to-Profound Hearing-Impaired Listeners

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 233121651988761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Courtois ◽  
Vincent Grimaldi ◽  
Hervé Lissek ◽  
Philippe Estoppey ◽  
Eleftheria Georganti
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Linear Amplification ◽  
Profound Hearing Loss ◽  
Wireless Microphone ◽  
Auditory Distance ◽  
Non Linear

The auditory system allows the estimation of the distance to sound-emitting objects using multiple spatial cues. In virtual acoustics over headphones, a prerequisite to render auditory distance impression is sound externalization, which denotes the perception of synthesized stimuli outside of the head. Prior studies have found that listeners with mild-to-moderate hearing loss are able to perceive auditory distance and are sensitive to externalization. However, this ability may be degraded by certain factors, such as non-linear amplification in hearing aids or the use of a remote wireless microphone. In this study, 10 normal-hearing and 20 moderate-to-profound hearing-impaired listeners were instructed to estimate the distance of stimuli processed with different methods yielding various perceived auditory distances in the vicinity of the listeners. Two different configurations of non-linear amplification were implemented, and a novel feature aiming to restore a sense of distance in wireless microphone systems was tested. The results showed that the hearing-impaired listeners, even those with a profound hearing loss, were able to discriminate nearby and far sounds that were equalized in level. Their perception of auditory distance was however more contracted than in normal-hearing listeners. Non-linear amplification was found to distort the original spatial cues, but no adverse effect on the ratings of auditory distance was evident. Finally, it was shown that the novel feature was successful in allowing the hearing-impaired participants to perceive externalized sounds with wireless microphone systems.

scholarly journals Reflection orders and auditory distance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Mendonça ◽  
João Lamas ◽  
Tom Barker ◽  
Guilherme Campos ◽  
Paulo Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Distance

Effect of Dietary Lysine to Energy Ratio on Performance of Unsexed Indigenous Venda Chickens

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Mbajiorgu ◽  
J.W. Ng`ambi ◽  
D. Norris ◽  
O.J. Alabi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Ratio

scholarly journals The Diffusion and Attachment of Electrons in Water Vapour

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Crompton ◽  
JA Rees ◽  
RL Jory
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Drift Velocity ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Single Collision ◽  
Attachment Coefficient

The energy ratio and attachment coefficient for electrons in water vapour have been determined in the range 20 E/p −l torr−l. The results for the attachment coefficient are in general agreement with other recent determinations, but those for the energy ratio differ significantly from the results of Bailey and Duncanson. The use of these new data, in conjunction with values of the drift velocity determined by Pack, Voshall, and Phelps, is shown to remove the serious discrepancy which previously existed between the results of single-collision and swarm experiments.

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