Iodine status as determined by urinary iodine excretion in Lesotho two years after introducing legislation on universal salt iodization

Nutrition ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masekonyela Linono Damane Sebotsa ◽  
André Dannhauser ◽  
Pieter L. Jooste ◽  
Gina Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion

scholarly journals Thirty years of a Ban on the Sale of Noniodized Salt: Impact on Iodine Nutrition in Children in Himachal Pradesh, India

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh Kapil ◽  
Thakur Dutt Sharma ◽  
Preeti Singh ◽  
Sada Nand Dwivedi ◽  
Supreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background A survey conducted by the central iodine-deficiency disorders team in Himachal Pradesh, a state in the goiter-endemic belt of India, revealed that 10 of its 12 districts have an endemic prevalence of goiter. The survey was conducted to provide health program managers data to determine whether it would be necessary to initiate intervention measures. Objective To assess the status of urinary iodine excretion and household salt iodization levels after three decades of a complete ban on the sale of noniodized salt in this goiter-endemic state in India as measured by assessment of urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine content of salt at the household level. Methods The guidelines recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD for a rapid assessment of salt iodization were adopted. In each of the 12 studied districts, all senior secondary schools were enlisted and one school was selected by using a random sampling procedure. Two hundred fifty children 11 to 18 years of age were included in the study. Urine samples were collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the wet digestion method. Salt samples were also collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the spot testing kit. Results All districts had a median urinary iodine excretion level > 200 μg/L and 82% of the families were consuming salt with an iodine content of 15 ppm or higher. Conclusions The results of the present study highlight the successful implementation of the salt iodization program in the state of Himachal Pradesh. This positive impact may be due to the comprehensive strategy adopted by the state government to improve the quality of salt, development of an effective monitoring information system and effective information, education, and communication activities.

Goiter Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Excretion in Schoolchildren of Jordan

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kharabsheh ◽  
Belbesi ◽  
Qarqash ◽  
Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Monitoring Survey

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are considered a major health problem in the eastern Mediterranean region. In Jordan, an IDD assessment was performed in 1993 following which, a salt iodization and consumption program was implemented and a monitoring survey performed in 2000. In schoolchildren 8 to 10 years of age (2457 in 1993 and 2601 in 2000) goiter was graded according to WHO classification. Urinary iodine was measured in 10% of the children in 1993 and in all of them in 2000. Percent of iodine consumption in households was assessed by rapid kit test in 2000. Prevalence of goiter was 37.7 and 32.1% and median urinary iodine was 40 and 154 mug/L, in 1993 and 2000, respectively. Before salt iodization, the prevalence of goiter and severity of iodine deficiency was more pronounced in rural regions and in the southern part of Jordan. In 2000, all but one governorate had a median urinary iodine (MUI) of above 100 mug/L. The percentage of urinary iodine levels < 50 mug in two governorates was > 20%. Iodine consumption rate of households was 88.3% throughout the country, but was < 70% in three governorates. It is concluded that moderate and severe IDD existed before 1993 in Jordan. Although the iodized salt program has been successful in optimizing MUI, the program for the control of IDD needs further improvement.

Iodine status assessment in Campania (Italy) as determined by urinary iodine excretion

Nutrition ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 926-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Mazzarella ◽  
Daniela Terracciano ◽  
Angelina Di Carlo ◽  
Paolo Emidio Macchia ◽  
Eduardo Consiglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Status Assessment

scholarly journals Nutritional iodine status and obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariacarla Moleti ◽  
Maria Di Mauro ◽  
Giuseppe Paola ◽  
Antonella Olivieri ◽  
Francesco Vermiglio
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

AbstractIodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Its availability strictly depends on iodine content of foods, which may vary from very low to very high. Inadequate iodine intake (deficiency or excess) may affect thyroid function resulting in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Based on median urinary iodine concentrations, epidemiological criteria have been established for the categorization and monitoring of nutritional iodine status of a population (or subgroups of populations). Additional methods for iodine intake assessment include measurement of thyroid size (by thyroid palpation or ultrasonography) and of biochemical parameters, such as neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones.Recent studies carried out in overweight/obese children and adults provide evidence that body mass index (BMI) may significantly influence the above indicators, thus theoretically affecting the epidemiological evaluation of nutritional iodine status in populations.In this short review, we analyze current knowledge on the effects of overweight and obesity on indicators of adequacy and monitoring of iodine status, namely urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume and echogenicity.Data on urinary iodine excretion in overweight/obese children are divergent, as both increased and reduced levels have been reported in overweight/obese children compared to normal-weight controls.Whether gastrointestinal surgery may affect iodine absorption and lead to iodine deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery has been evaluated in a limited number of studies, which excluded iodine deficiency, thus suggesting that supplements usually recommended after bariatric surgery do not need to include iodine.Albeit limited, evidence on thyroid volume and obesity is consistent with a direct relationship between thyroid volume and BMI, irrespective of nutritional iodine status. Finally, a higher frequency of thyroid hypoechoic pattern has been described in overweight/obese children. This finding has been recently related to an increased adipocyte infiltration and thyroid parenchyma imbibition mediated by inflammatory cytokines and should be considered when the frequency of thyroid hypoechoic pattern is used as non-invasive marker to indirectly assess thyroid autoimmunity in monitoring Universal Salt Iodization programs. Further studies, specifically addressing the role of schoolchildren body mass index as a factor potentially influencing iodine intake indicators are needed.

Current Status of Iodine Deficiency in Mongolia in 1998-1999

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
P. Enkhtuya ◽  
A. Erdenbat ◽  
A. Buttumur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Iodine Excretion

In 1992, the Mongolian government conducted a nationwide palpation study of the thyroid glands, and the study showed an overall goiter rate of 30%. As a result of this, the Mongolian Government launched its Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Elimination Programme in 1996 and its primary strategy was salt iodization. In 1998 and 1999, we carried out programme monitoring studies in 11 provinces. The results showed: among schoolchildren, a goiter rate was 22.8% (n=6,535), median values of urinary iodine excretion ranged from 11 μg/l to 256 μg/l (n=1,930), and usage rates of iodized salt (>20 PPM iodine content) in their households ranged from 3% to 82%. We concluded that severe iodine deficiency in 1992 was improved from moderate to mild severity a few years later by salt iodization. However, stronger official commitments and community participation are needed to improve the programme so that iodized salt will be made more widely available. Asia Pac JPublic Health 2000;12(2): 79-84

Current iodine status in Japan: A cross-sectional nationwide survey of schoolchildren, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yozen Fuse ◽  
Yoshiya Ito ◽  
Yoshimasa Shishiba ◽  
Minoru Irie
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Cr Concentration

Abstract Context Japan has been regarded as a long-standing iodine sufficient country without iodine fortification; however, data on nationwide iodine status is lacking. Objective This study aimed to characterize the iodine status in Japan. Methods From 2014 through 2019 a nationwide school-based survey was conducted across all districts in Japan. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine (Cr) concentration and anthropometry were assessed in healthy school-aged children (SAC) aged 6 to 12 years. Their iodine status is regarded as generally representative of the nation's iodine status. Results A total of 32,025 children participated. The overall median UIC was 269 μg/L which was within the WHO’s adequacy range. There was a regional difference in UIC values within 14 regions, and the lowest and highest median UIC were found in Tanegashima Island (209 μg/L) and Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido (1,071 μg/L), respectively. The median UIC ≥ 300 μg/L was observed in 12 out of 46 regions. By using estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE), the prevalence of SAC exceeding the upper tolerable limit of iodine for Japanese children was from 5.2 to 13.7%. The UIC values did not change with age, BSA and BMI percentile, while the Cr concentration simultaneously increased suggesting the effect of urinary creatinine on UI/Cr and estimated 24-h UIE values. Conclusions The iodine intake of Japanese people is adequate, but in some areas it is excessive. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders associated with iodine intake should be obtained especially in the areas where high amounts of iodine are consumed.

scholarly journals Current trends of 24-h urinary iodine excretion in German schoolchildren and the importance of iodised salt in processed foods

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1749-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone A. Johner ◽  
Anke L. B. Günther ◽  
Thomas Remer
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Worldwide, the iodisation of salt has clearly improved iodine status. In industrialised countries, iodised salt added to processed food contributes most to iodine supply. Yet it is unclear as to what extent changes in the latter may affect the iodine status of populations. Between 2004 and 2009, 24-h urinary iodine excretions (UIE) were repeatedly measured in 278 German children (6 to 12 years old) of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study (n707). Na excretion measurements and simultaneously collected 3-d weighed dietary records provided data on intakes of the most important dietary sources of iodine in the children's diet. Actual trends of UIE (2004–9) and contributions of relevant food groups were analysed by mixed linear regression models. Longitudinal regression analysis showed a plateau of UIE in 2004–6; afterwards, UIE significantly decreased till 2009 (P = 0·01; median 24-h UIE in 2004–6: 85·6 μg/d; 2009: 80·4 μg/d). Median urinary iodine concentration fell below the WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency of 100 μg/l in 2007–9. Salt, milk, fish and egg intake (g/d) were significant predictors of UIE (P < 0·005); and the main sources of iodine were salt and milk (48 and 38 %, respectively). The present data hint at a beginning deterioration in the iodine status of German schoolchildren. A decreased use of iodised salt in industrially produced foods may be one possible reason for this development. Because of the generally known risks for cognitive impairment due to even mild iodine deficits in children, a more widespread use of iodised salt, especially in industrially processed foods, has to be promoted.

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