scholarly journals Thirty years of a Ban on the Sale of Noniodized Salt: Impact on Iodine Nutrition in Children in Himachal Pradesh, India

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh Kapil ◽  
Thakur Dutt Sharma ◽  
Preeti Singh ◽  
Sada Nand Dwivedi ◽  
Supreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background A survey conducted by the central iodine-deficiency disorders team in Himachal Pradesh, a state in the goiter-endemic belt of India, revealed that 10 of its 12 districts have an endemic prevalence of goiter. The survey was conducted to provide health program managers data to determine whether it would be necessary to initiate intervention measures. Objective To assess the status of urinary iodine excretion and household salt iodization levels after three decades of a complete ban on the sale of noniodized salt in this goiter-endemic state in India as measured by assessment of urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine content of salt at the household level. Methods The guidelines recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD for a rapid assessment of salt iodization were adopted. In each of the 12 studied districts, all senior secondary schools were enlisted and one school was selected by using a random sampling procedure. Two hundred fifty children 11 to 18 years of age were included in the study. Urine samples were collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the wet digestion method. Salt samples were also collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the spot testing kit. Results All districts had a median urinary iodine excretion level > 200 μg/L and 82% of the families were consuming salt with an iodine content of 15 ppm or higher. Conclusions The results of the present study highlight the successful implementation of the salt iodization program in the state of Himachal Pradesh. This positive impact may be due to the comprehensive strategy adopted by the state government to improve the quality of salt, development of an effective monitoring information system and effective information, education, and communication activities.

Current Status of Iodine Deficiency in Mongolia in 1998-1999

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
P. Enkhtuya ◽  
A. Erdenbat ◽  
A. Buttumur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Iodine Excretion

In 1992, the Mongolian government conducted a nationwide palpation study of the thyroid glands, and the study showed an overall goiter rate of 30%. As a result of this, the Mongolian Government launched its Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Elimination Programme in 1996 and its primary strategy was salt iodization. In 1998 and 1999, we carried out programme monitoring studies in 11 provinces. The results showed: among schoolchildren, a goiter rate was 22.8% (n=6,535), median values of urinary iodine excretion ranged from 11 μg/l to 256 μg/l (n=1,930), and usage rates of iodized salt (>20 PPM iodine content) in their households ranged from 3% to 82%. We concluded that severe iodine deficiency in 1992 was improved from moderate to mild severity a few years later by salt iodization. However, stronger official commitments and community participation are needed to improve the programme so that iodized salt will be made more widely available. Asia Pac JPublic Health 2000;12(2): 79-84

Goiter Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Excretion in Schoolchildren of Jordan

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kharabsheh ◽  
Belbesi ◽  
Qarqash ◽  
Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Monitoring Survey

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are considered a major health problem in the eastern Mediterranean region. In Jordan, an IDD assessment was performed in 1993 following which, a salt iodization and consumption program was implemented and a monitoring survey performed in 2000. In schoolchildren 8 to 10 years of age (2457 in 1993 and 2601 in 2000) goiter was graded according to WHO classification. Urinary iodine was measured in 10% of the children in 1993 and in all of them in 2000. Percent of iodine consumption in households was assessed by rapid kit test in 2000. Prevalence of goiter was 37.7 and 32.1% and median urinary iodine was 40 and 154 mug/L, in 1993 and 2000, respectively. Before salt iodization, the prevalence of goiter and severity of iodine deficiency was more pronounced in rural regions and in the southern part of Jordan. In 2000, all but one governorate had a median urinary iodine (MUI) of above 100 mug/L. The percentage of urinary iodine levels < 50 mug in two governorates was > 20%. Iodine consumption rate of households was 88.3% throughout the country, but was < 70% in three governorates. It is concluded that moderate and severe IDD existed before 1993 in Jordan. Although the iodized salt program has been successful in optimizing MUI, the program for the control of IDD needs further improvement.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Goiter and Urinary Iodine Excretion Levels in Children Around Chernobyl*

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 3430-3433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoto Ashizawa ◽  
Yoshisada Shibata ◽  
Shunichi Yamashita ◽  
Hiroyuki Namba ◽  
Masaharu Hoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Abstract The prevalence of goiter among children living in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident was investigated by analysis of data on approximately 120,000 children examined at five medical diagnostic centers in Belarus, Russia, and the Ukraine. Examinations of thyroid gland were conducted with an arch-automatic ultrasonographic instrument at the five centers under the same protocol. The diagnosis of goiter was established when the thyroid volume exceeded a limit calculated from age, height, and body weight of a child. A considerable variation by region was noted in the prevalence of goiter. Highest in the Kiev region, the prevalence in the five regions was 54% in Kiev, 38% in the Zhitomir regions of the Ukraine, 18% in Gomel, 22% in the Mogilev regions of Belarus, and 41% in the Bryansk region of Russia. Urinary iodine content was measured in approximately 5700 children, and an endemic iodine deficient zone was confirmed in the Bryansk, Kiev, and Zhitomir regions. A significant negative correlation was observed between the prevalence of goiter and the median level of urinary iodine content (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was −0.35, P = 0.025).

Iodine prophylaxis intensification

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (05) ◽  
pp. 197-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Baczyk ◽  
K. Ziemnicka ◽  
J. Sowixnski ◽  
R. Junik
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Radioiodine Uptake ◽  
131I Uptake ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

Summary:Poland, a country with mild/moderate iodine deficiency introduced an obligatory iodination salt system in 1996. Aim: To compare the results of radioiodine (131I) uptake after 5 h and 24 h with the activity of radioiodine used in the treatment of hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease in the years 1995 and 2003. Patients, methods: The marker of iodine content in the diet was urinary iodine excretion. 1000 randomly chosen patients (average age: 46 ± 12 years) were included in the study. Every patient had routinely estimated radioiodine uptake after 5 h and 24 h and the activity of 131I was calculated using scintigraphy and ultrasonography of the thyroid gland. Urinary iodine excretion in samples from year 1995 and 2003 was also determined in some patients and healthy volunteers. Results: The iodine load in the diet increased from 66 μg (average) in the year 1995 to 115 μg in the year 2003. Thyroid radioiodine uptake was 40% lower in comparison with the results from 1995. The average activity of 131I given in the year 2003 (10 mCi) was about 40% higher than in the year 1995 (7 mCi). Conclusion: There was significant negative correlation between higher iodine content in the diet and lower values of radioiodine uptake, which led to the application of the higher activity of 131I during treatment.

Effect of voluntary intake of iodinated salt on prevalence of goitre in children

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hintze ◽  
Dieter Emrich ◽  
Klaus Richter ◽  
Hanne Thal ◽  
Horst Thal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Abstract. The availability of iodinated salt containing 20 mg of iodine as iodate/kg salt consumed on a voluntary basis enabled us to investigate its effect on goitre prevalence and iodine excretion in urine in a longitudinal, prospective, randomized study over 4 years. With this salt, under the assumption of a consumption of 5 g salt per day and person, an additional intake of 100 μg of iodine can be achieved. The study was performed on initially 334 children (168 boys, 166 girls) at the age of 10 years living in an area of iodine deficiency. After 4 years, 286 children still participated in the study. Initially, goitre prevalence as assessed by palpation was found to be 30.5% (37.4% in girls and 23.8% in boys). Neck circumference was found to be significantly higher in children with goitre compared with those without (30.2 ± 1.4 vs 29.4 ± 1.4 cm; P < 0.001). Iodine excretion in the urine was significantly lower in children with goitre compared with those without (40.4 ± 16.7 μg/g creatinine vs 46.1 ± 24.9 μg/g creatinine; x ± sd; P < 0.05). The children were randomly assigned to two different groups: group A (N = 146) was asked to use iodinated salt, group B (N = 188) non-iodinated salt. Over the 4 years, a continuous increase in iodine excretion in urine could be demonstrated in group A. After 1 year, it was significantly higher than in the control group that used non-iodinated salt. After 4 years, the mean iodine excretion in children using iodinated salt was 60.1 ± 24.1 μg/g creatinine in contrast to 45.1 ± 18.6 μg/g in the control group (x ± sd; P< 0.0001). However, no decrease in goitre prevalence could be documented: after 4 years, 23.8% of the children belonging to the group using iodinated salt and 22.5% of those in the group taking non-iodinated salt had a goitre. From these observations we conclude: 1. The voluntary use of a commercially available iodinated salt containing 20 mg iodate/kg leads to a significant increase in iodine intake, measured by urinary iodine excretion. Even after 4 years, the value is far below the daily iodine intake recommended by the WHO. No decrease in goitre frequency could be assessed. 2. An increase in iodine ingestion can be achieved either by increasing the iodine content of the salt or by application of iodine by alternative measures. The safest way would be to use iodinated salt exclusively, i.e. also in the food industry and restaurants. An increase in the iodine content of the salt and its continuous voluntary use would lead to a large variation in iodine intake. A higher risk of adverse reaction, e.g. iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis, cannot be excluded in susceptible persons.

Iodine status as determined by urinary iodine excretion in Lesotho two years after introducing legislation on universal salt iodization

Nutrition ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masekonyela Linono Damane Sebotsa ◽  
André Dannhauser ◽  
Pieter L. Jooste ◽  
Gina Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion

scholarly journals Reliability of studies of iodine intake and recommendations for number of samples in groups and in individuals

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Andersen ◽  
Jesper Karmisholt ◽  
Klaus M. Pedersen ◽  
Peter Laurberg
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
And Gender

The iodine intake level in a population is determined in cross-sectional studies. Urinary iodine varies considerably and the reliability of studies of iodine nutrition and the number of samples needed is unsettled. We performed a longitudinal study of sixteen healthy men living in an area of mild to moderate iodine deficiency. Iodine and creatinine concentrations were measured in spot urine samples collected monthly for 13 months. From these data we calculated the number of urine samples needed to determine the iodine excretion level for crude urinary iodine and for 24 h iodine excretion estimated from age- and gender-specific creatinine excretions. We found that mean urinary iodine excretion varied from 30 to 87 μg/l (31 to 91 μg/24 h). Sample iodine varied from 10 to 260 μg/l (20 to 161 μg/24 h). Crude urinary iodine varied more than estimated 24 h iodine excretion (population standard deviation 32v. 26; individual standard deviation 29v. 21; Bartlett's test,P < 0·01 for both). The number of spot urine samples needed to estimate the iodine level in a population with 95 % confidence within a precision range of ± 10 % was about 125 (100 when using estimated 24 h iodine excretions), and within a precision range of ± 5 % was about 500 (400). A precision range of ± 20 % in an individual required twelve urine samples or more (seven when using estimated 24 h iodine excretions). In conclusion, estimating population iodine excretion requires 100–500 spot urine samples for each group or subgroup. Less than ten urine samples in an individual may be misleading.

scholarly journals Studies on Endemic and Experimental Goitre

1936 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hercus ◽  
H. D. Purves
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Rape Seed ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Iodine Excretion

VI. Summary1. Some improvements in the determination of small quantities of iodine in biological substances are described.2. The thesis that a low iodine intake is prerequisite for goitre production is supported.3. A survey of determinations by various authors of the daily urinary iodine excretion in goitrous and non-goitrous regions leads to the conclusion that the critical level of iodine intake sufficient to suppress goitre is between 120 and 160γ per day.4. Determinations of urinary iodine excretion in New Zealand and in the non-goitrous islands of Samoa are presented which show that in the parts of New Zealand investigated the iodine intake is at a low or goitrous level.5. The result in New Plymouth, Taranaki, shows that a high content of iodine in the soil does not necessarily assure an adequate iodine intake.6. The progress of prophylaxis by iodised salt in New Zealand is reviewed, and from consumption data it is concluded that iodised salt constitutes approximately only 30 per cent, of the domestic salt consumption of New Zealand.7. To ensure a more general use of iodised salt it is recommended that the regulations be amended to provide that:(a) Ordinary domestic salt shall be iodised.(b) Non-iodised salt shall be sold only in packages labelled “Non-iodised” and with the addition “ The use of this salt exposes the user to the risk of developing goitre”.8. The results obtained hitherto with the use of iodised salt are briefly reviewed and attention drawn to some apparent failures even when iodised salt has been used for all domestic purposes. These failures are attributed to the standard for iodised salt being too low.9. It is concluded that for New Zealand a supplementation of at least 100γ per day is necessary to afford complete protection against goitre.10. To provide the necessary amount of supplementation the iodine content of iodised salt in New Zealand requires to be raised. We recommend therefore that either(a) If the domestic salt only is to be iodised the standard be fixed at from 5 to 6 parts of potassium iodide (KI) per 250,000 of salt, or(b) If iodised salt is to be used in the manufacture of bread, butter, bacon and other salted foods, the standard be fixed at from 3 to 4 parts of potassium iodide (KI) per 250,000 of salt.11. In New Zealand cabbage has not shown any marked goitrogenic activity as tested on rabbits.12. Turnip roots showed sporadically a goitrogenic activity comparable with that found for the most active samples of cabbage in other countries.13. In tests of Brassica seeds on rats, goitrogenic activity was found in rape seed, cabbage seed, steamed white mustard seed, and steamed black mustard seed.14. The activity of rape seed was destroyed by steaming.We have pleasure in acknowledging the financial help which we have received from the Sir John Roberts Endowment for Medical Research, from the Sir H. L. Ferguson Fund and from the Honorary Staff of the Dunedin Hospital, and for the co-operation of a large number of our colleagues in New Zealand and Samoa in the collection of specimens.

scholarly journals Low-Iodine Diet for Producing Iodine Deficiency in Rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH McIntosh ◽  
GB Jones ◽  
DA Howard ◽  
GB Belling ◽  
BJ Potter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Thyroid Uptake ◽  
Iodine Excretion

A low-iodine diet has been prepared for rats, using locally available low-iodine ingredients. On analysis it has been shown to consistently contain 15-20 ng iodine/g. When fed to growing female rats, this diet produced severe iodine deficiency while not significantly affecting growth or reproduction. The deficiency was manifested by a fall in daily urinary iodine excretion (to less than 1 JIg/day) and a seven-fold increase in thyroid uptake (1311) observable within 3 months. Levels of plasma thyroxine (T 4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) continued to change for 4-5 months, T 4 falling from 69�9 to 7�5 nmol/l and TSH increasing seven-fold from a control value of 364 to 2406 ng/ml. Goitre was present in all iodine-deficient rats and iodine content in the thyroid was 10 % of the control value.

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