Iodine Immobilized UiO-66-NH2 Metal-Organic Framework as an Effective Antibacterial Additive for Poly(ε-caprolactone)

Iodine has been widely used as an effective disinfectant with broad-spectrum antimicrobial potency. However, the application of iodine in an antibacterial polymer remains challenging due to its volatile nature and poor solubility. Herein, iodine immobilized UiO-66-NH2 metal-organic framework (MOF) (UiO66@I2) with a high loading capacity was synthesized and used as an effective antibacterial additive for poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). An orthogonal design approach was used to achieve the optimal experiments’ conditions in iodine adsorption. UiO66@I2 nanoparticles were added to the PCL matrix under ultrasonic vibration and evaporated the solvent to get a polymer membrane. The composites were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and static contact angle analysis. UiO-66-NH2 nanoparticles have a high iodine loading capacity, up to 18 wt.%. The concentration of iodine is the most important factor in iodine adsorption. Adding 0.5 wt.% or 1.0 wt.% (equivalent iodine content) of UiO66@I2 to the PCL matrix had no influence on the structure of PCL but reduces the static water angle. The PCL composites showed strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In contrast, the same content of free iodine/PCL composites had no antibacterial activity. The difference in the antibacterial performance was due to the different iodine contents in the polymer composites. It was found that MOF nanoparticles could retain most of the iodine during the sample preparation and storage, while there was few iodine left in the free iodine/PCL composites. This study offers a common and simple way to immobilize iodine and prepare antibacterial polymers with low antiseptic content that would reduce the influence of an additive on polymers’ physical properties.

Sintering Bi2O3–B2O3–ZnO ternary low temperature glass by hydration device to solidify iodine containing silver-coated silica gel

A new glass solidification process aims at radioactive iodine waste was explored in order to reduce the possible harm to environment. Samples with different iodine content in silver-coated silica gel were pretreated by hydration device at 300 °C and then sintered at relatively low temperatures (500, 550 and 600 °C). XRD results show that AgI is mainly chemically fixed in the glass network with some AgI particles being physically wrapped by the glass. Moreover, as the sintering temperature reached to 550 °C, B element crystallized. SEM-EDS results show that Ag and I elements are enriched, while the other elements are evenly distributed. AFM results showed that the sample surface becomes rougher as the iodine content increases in the silver coated silica gel. The FT-IR results show that the structure of the sintered sample is mainly composed of [BiO3], [BiO6] and [BO3]. This study provides a new sintering method by hydration device for the treatment of radioactive iodine waste.

Knowledge, Practice, and Availability of Iodized Salt and Associated Factors in Jibat Woreda, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia

Appropriate knowledge, practice, and availability of iodized salt are used to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. However, little is known about the availability of adequately iodized salt in the western part of Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, and availability of iodized salt and associated factors at household level in Jibat woreda, Ethiopia. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using structured and pretested questionnaire interview. Sampling salt was tested by the iodometric titration method. The result showed that iodine content more than 90% was considered as adequately iodized salt. The result of this study shown that among the 357 salt samples, 191(53.5%) households had good knowledge on iodized salt while 166 (46.5%) had poor knowledge on iodized salt. In addition, the result of the study revealed that 162 (45.4%) had good practice of iodized salt, whereas 195 (54.6%) had poor practice of iodized salt. The result of this study also shown that 149 (41.7%) households were using adequately iodized salt while 208 (58.3%) were using inadequate iodized salt in study area. Residence area, education level, household job, and average monthly income were significantly associated with knowledge of iodized salt at household level. Residence area, educational level, average monthly income, and expose to sunlight were significantly associated with availability of adequately iodized salt. In this finding, the knowledge and practices of iodized salt at household level in Jibat woreda, Ethiopia, were poor, and the availability of iodine in iodized salt was inadequate. This is associated to residence area, education level of household, and average monthly income. Therefore, any concerned body/institution should have to work in the above gabs of the knowledge, practice, and availability of iodized salt.

Investigation on spatial variability and influencing factors of drinking water iodine in Xinjiang, China

Background and objectives Xinjiang is one of the areas in China with extremely severe iodine deficiency. The health of Xinjiang residents has been endangered for a long time. In order to provide reasonable suggestions for scientific iodine supplementation and improve the health and living standards of the people in Xinjiang, it is necessary to understand the spatial distribution of iodine content in drinking water and explore the influencing factors of spatial heterogeneity of water iodine content distribution. Methods The data of iodine in drinking water arrived from the annual water iodine survey in Xinjiang in 2017. The distribution of iodine content in drinking water in Xinjiang is described from three perspectives: sampling points, districts/counties, and townships/streets. ArcGIS was used for spatial auto-correlation analysis, mapping the distribution of iodine content in drinking water and visualizing the distribution of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model parameter. Kriging method is used to predict the iodine content in water at non-sampling points. GWR software was used to build GWR model in order to find the factors affecting the distribution of iodine content in drinking water. Results There are 3293 sampling points in Xinjiang. The iodine content of drinking water ranges from 0 to 128 μg/L, the median is 4.15 μg/L. The iodine content in 78.6% of total sampling points are less than 10 μg/L, and only that in the 3.4% are more than 40 μg/L. Among 1054 towns’ water samples in Xinjiang, 88.9% of the samples’ water iodine content is less than 10 μg/L. Among the 94 studied areas, the median iodine content in drinking water in 87 areas was less than 10 μg/L, those values in 7 areas were between 10–40 μg/L, and the distribution of water iodine content in Xinjiang shows clustered. The GWR model established had found that the effects of soil type and precipitation on the distribution of iodine content in drinking water were statistically significant. Conclusions The iodine content of drinking water in Xinjiang is generally low, but there are also some areas which their drinking water has high iodine content. Soil type and precipitation are the factors affecting the distribution of drinking water iodine content, and are statistically significant (P<0.05).

Is Dietary Iodine Intake Excessive According to the Theoretical Model of Healthy Dietary Intake Pattern in Pregnant Women and Schoolchildren: Water, Salt, or Food?

Introduction: Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause hypothyroidism and goiter; in schoolchildren, it can cause reduced intelligence quotient. In excess, iodine can cause thyroiditis, goiter, and Hashimoto's hypothyroidism. Currently, schoolchildren and pregnant women are classified as risk groups for excessive iodine intake and iodine deficiency, respectively. Thus, determining iodine from all sources of consumption is important for intervention planning.Objective: To construct a theoretical model for the iodine intake of schoolchildren and pregnant women of a city in the Zona da Mata Mineira region, considering a healthy diet, salt consumption and water intake.Methodology: The dietary iodine intake of pregnant women was analyzed based on a dietary iodine table compiled from an international database. A dietary plan was prepared following the Brazilian Food Guide. Iodine concentration of different salt brands sold in local establishments was checked, and drinking water samples from healthcare facilities were analyzed. A descriptive and exploratory statistical analysis was performed and the results were presented in absolute and relative frequencies, and measures of central tendency and dispersion.Results: According to the proposed diet, pregnant women and schoolchildren would have a daily intake of 71.6 μg and 71 μg, respectively. Thirteen salt brands were evaluated, 69.2% complied with the legislation and the mean iodine content was 29.88 mg. The mean concentration of iodine in water was 25 μg iodine/liter and 14 μg iodine/liter, respectively, in summer and autumn. Considering the intake of food, salt, and drinking water according to the proposed dietary plan, the daily intake for pregnant women would be 279.5 and 253.5 μg for schoolchildren.Conclusion: The daily iodine intake of schoolchildren and pregnant women according to this theoretical model was excessive, considering a healthy dietary pattern. This theoretical model can guide actions and public policies aimed at targeting all forms of iodine intake.

Determination of Fuel Properties of Biodiesel from Sand Apple Seed Oil with Automotive Gas Oil Blend

The objective of this study was to determine the fuel properties of Sand Apple Ethyl Ester (SAEE) and its blends with Automotive Gas Oil (AGO).using eggshell as catalyst. Sand apple seed oil (SASO) obtained was characterized based on America Society for Testing and Material (ASTM D6751) to determine acid value, saponification, iodine content, density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cloud point and pour point. Sand Apple fruits were processed and oil extracted using solvent extraction method. Raw eggshells were calcined at 800oC for 120 min in the muffle furnace. SAEE was blended with AGO at 5 – 25 % mix. Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA at P < 0.05 significant level. Cloud and pour points obtained for SASO are 4.68 and 3.09℃ . Flash point was 103℃ which fell within ASTM D93 range indicating that SASO is safe for handling and storage. Heating value was 42.61 MJ/kg, slightly lower than that of diesel oil of 44.8 MJ/kg shows that AGO has ability to produce heat of combustion than SASO. Iodine value was 80.71 g I/100g while acid value was determined to be 2.62 mgKOH/g, which was higher than that of ASTM D6751 of 0.5 mgKOH/g. Sulphur contents for AGO and SASO–AGO blends were 0.006, 0.009, 0.014, 0.016 and 0.004%, respectively. Low sulphur values indicates that hazardous sulphur dioxide emission of SAEE has reduced. This study established that all the properties obtained, except acid value, fell within the ASTM specification and could suitably be compared with those of fossil diesel.

Abstract 16928: Amiodarone For Atrial Fibrillation In The Setting Of Cardiogenic Shock And Thyroid Storm

Case Presentation: A 29-year-old man with a history of hyperthyroidism presented to an outside hospital with altered mentation and palpitations in the setting of non-adherence to thyroid medications. He was found to be in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. Initial vital signs included a heart rate of 165 beats/min, respiratory rate of 43 breaths/min, blood pressure of 134/115 mmHg, and O2 saturation of 94% on 2L of oxygen. Point of care ultrasound showed an EF of 10% and a dilated IVC. Labs showed a creatinine of 0.7 mg/dL, total bilirubin of 3.9 mg/dL, ALT of 39 IU/L, AST of 62 IU/L, ALP of 181 IU/L, lactate of 7.6 mMol/L, TSH of < 0.01 uIU/mL, free T4 of > 5.00 ng/dL, and a T3 of > 30.00 pg/mL. He was treated with methimazole and then switched to propylthiouracil (PTU). Esmolol and diltiazem resulted in worsening cardiogenic shock and PEA arrest twice requiring VA ECMO cannulation. Upon transfer to our facility, he was started on potassium iodide (SSKI). He had electrical cardioversion twice with reversion back to atrial fibrillation. He was then started on amiodarone and digoxin. He remained in atrial fibrillation but achieved rate control with heart rates in the 100s. Discussion: Amiodarone is typically avoided in atrial fibrillation in the setting of thyrotoxicosis due to its high iodine content which can precipitate further thyroid hormone synthesis. However, in the setting of cardiogenic shock, treatment options are limited. We learned from our endocrinology colleagues that amiodarone can be beneficial when patients are treated with PTU and SSKI as amiodarone blocks the conversion of T4 to T3. Amiodarone should be started after PTU as PTU prevents thyroid hormone synthesis and blunts the effect of the iodine load of amiodarone. In conclusion, amiodarone can be considered earlier for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in the setting of thyrotoxicosis especially if treatment options are limited by cardiac dysfunction granted the patient has been started on PTU.

People's Knowledge and Practice of Salt Iodization, as Well as the Assessment of Iodine Content in Salt in the Cumilla Region of Bangladesh

Aim: To evaluate the household iodine content and knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding salt iodization among the residents of Cumilla, Bangladesh. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 700 inhabitants in Cumilla's urban and rural areas to determine the iodine concentration of salt they consume. The participants were asked about what they know about iodine deficiency and salt iodization as well as how their salt was packaged and stored. Among them, 338 people provided a sample of salt to be tested of its iodine content by the titrimetric method. Results: 46.57% of people knew that iodization was the best way to prevent iodine deficiency while 35.14% considered salt iodization during purchasing. Most people stored salt in plastic boxes (89.7%) and closed containers (84.14%).Among all participants, only 37.14% of people were aware of the iodine requirement during pregnancy. In urban regions, the median iodine content was 36.76 ppm (OR=0.658, 95% CI, 0.469-0.925), while in rural areas, the median iodine content was 40.92 ppm (OR=1.188, 95% CI, 1.022-1.380). Iodine levels were less than 15 ppm (minimum limit) in 6.8% of samples and greater than 40 ppm (maximum limit) in 56.5%. Only 36.7% of the salt samples contained adequate iodine. Conclusion: An effective and consistent approach for controlling iodine concentration in distributed salt is required at Cumilla, Bangladesh.

Evaluation of protein digestibility and iodine bioavailability in raw and cooked Sargassum fusiforme (harvey) setchell using in vitro methods

PurposeSargassum fusiforme is a popular edible seaweed in coastal cities of China that contains diverse nutrients including iodine. Cooking is an effective way to improve food safety, but it can alter both the contents of elements along with speciation and bioavailability. Three common cooking methods, the soaking, steaming and boiling, were evaluated for their effects on the protein structures, protein digestibility, iodine content and iodine bioavailability of S. fusiforme.Design/methodology/approachFourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the structural changes of protein, and an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system was used to evaluate the digestibility of protein, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iodine.FindingsBoiling and steaming altered the protein secondary structure demonstrated by increased a-helix and random coil and decreased β-sheet, which improved the in vitro protein digestibility. Iodine content was reduced by cooking, with the highest loss observed after boiling, followed by soaking and steaming, while it was found that both bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of iodine were significantly elevated by boiling and steaming using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system. The presence of ascorbic acid, citric acid or tyrosine was beneficial for the iodine absorption, while oxalic acid and phytic acid hindered the iodine bioavailability.Originality/valueThe present finding suggested that cooking was conducive to the digestion and absorption of iodine in S. fusiforme. In addition, different dietary factors could have a certain impact on the absorption of iodine. Results of the study are essential for improving the application value of S. fusiforme to ensure reasonable consumption of seaweeds.

Effects of site, depth and sori origin on the growth and minerals composition of cultivated Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) in the north of Norway

Interest in the cultivation of Saccharina latissima is increasing in the north of Norway. In the present study, S. latissima was cultivated at two sites (Kraknes and Rotsund), 90 km apart, in Troms, northern Norway (69–70°N). The effect of site, depth, and sori origin (Kraknes and Rotsund) on S. latissima growth, biofouling, minerals, and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) content was studied. Large variations in the frond length and wet weight were observed between sites. The site with lower seawater temperature, higher nutrient levels and no freshwater influence (Kraknes) had better growth and later outbreak of epibionts. Sori origin had a significant effect on the growth only at the Kraknes site with S. latissima produced from the Kraknes sori having longer frond length and higher wet weight. The iodine content was, in general, high and increased with cultivation depth. The arsenic and cadmium content varied between sites and was lower than the recommended maximum level for food supplements in EU regulations. The present study shows that growth, biofouling, minerals, and PTEs content vary profoundly within the same geographical region and between sori origin, it thereby underlines the importance of site selection and using traits with high growth rates for seeding and cultivation to achieve maximum biomass.