scholarly journals The impact of the initial public health response to COVID-19 on swine health surveillance in Ontario

One Health ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100338
Author(s):  
Tatiana Petukhova ◽  
David L. Pearl ◽  
Maria Spinato ◽  
Jim Fairles ◽  
Murray Hazlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19 on childhood Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Chengdu, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yijie Huang ◽  
Tao Ai ◽  
Jun Luo ◽  
Hanmin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Western China ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a change in the incidence and transmission of respiratory pathogens was observed. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiologic characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children in Chengdu, one of the largest cities of western China. Method M. pneumoniae infection was diagnosed in 33,345 pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms at the Chengdu Women’s & Children’s Central Hospital between January 2017 and December 2020, based on a serum antibody titer of ≥1:160 measured by the passive agglutination assay. Differences in infection rates were examined by sex, age, and temporal distribution. Results Two epidemic outbreaks occurred between October-December 2017 and April-December 2019, and two infection peaks were detected in the second and fourth quarters of 2017, 2018, and 2019. Due to the public health response to COVID-19, the number of positive M. pneumoniae cases significantly decreased in the second quarter of 2020. The number of M. pneumoniae infection among children aged 3–6 years was higher than that in other age groups. Conclusions Preschool children are more susceptible to M. pneumoniae infection and close contact appears to be the predominant factor favoring pathogen transmission. The public health response to COVID-19 can effectively control the transmission of M. pneumoniae.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 Public Health Stages on Paediatric Emergency Attendance

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thérèse McDonnell ◽  
Emma Nicholson ◽  
Ciara Conlon ◽  
Michael Barrett ◽  
Fergal Cummins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Complex Chronic Conditions ◽  
Paediatric Emergency ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Impact

This study outlines the impact of COVID-19 on paediatric emergency department (ED) utilisation and assesses the extent of healthcare avoidance during each stage of the public health response strategy. Records from five EDs and one urgent care centre in Ireland, representing approximately 48% of national annual public paediatric ED attendances, are analysed to determine changes in characteristics of attendance during the three month period following the first reported COVID-19 case in Ireland, with reference to specific national public health stages. ED attendance reduced by 27–62% across all categories of diagnosis in the Delay phase and remained significantly below prior year levels as the country began Phase One of Reopening, with an incident rate ratio (IRR) of 0.58. The decrease was predominantly attributable to reduced attendance for injury and viral/viral induced conditions resulting from changed living conditions imposed by the public health response. However, attendance for complex chronic conditions also reduced and had yet to return to pre-COVID levels as reopening began. Attendances referred by general practitioners (GPs) dropped by 13 percentage points in the Delay phase and remained at that level. While changes in living conditions explain much of the decrease in overall attendance and in GP referrals, reduced attendance for complex chronic conditions may indicate avoidance behaviour and continued surveillance is necessary.

scholarly journals The impact of Thailand's public health response to the HIV epidemic 1984–2015: understanding the ingredients of success

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taweesap Siraprapasiri ◽  
Sumet Ongwangdee ◽  
Patchara Benjarattanaporn ◽  
Wiwat Peerapatanapokin ◽  
Mukta Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Impact

H1N1 in the ‘A1 Empire’: Pandemic Influenza, Military Medicine, and the British Transition from War to Peace, 1918–1920

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 604-621
Author(s):  
James J Harris
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Health Response ◽  
War Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact

Summary The article reexamines the history of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic to better place it in its war-time context. Using Britain as a case study, the essay examines how British military medicine took a leading role in studying and developing a (still largely ineffective) public health response to the epidemic, whereas domestic public health leaders did almost nothing to stem the spread of the pandemic due to the impact measures such as quarantine would have had on the war effort. The article ends by briefly considering how the pandemic affected efforts to restore Britain to ‘normalcy’ during the immediate post-war recovery. In so doing, this essay further argues how it is essential to consider the deep connections between the Great War and the influenza pandemic not simply as concurrent or consecutive crises, but more deeply intertwined.

scholarly journals Comparing Syndromic Data to Discharge Data to Measure Opioid Overdose Emergency Department Visits

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia S. Pasalic ◽  
Alana Marie Vivolo-Kantor ◽  
Pedro Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Emergency Department Data ◽  
Health Response

ObjectiveEpidemiologists will understand the differences between syndromic and discharge emergency department data sources, the strengths and limitations of each data source, and how each of these different emergency department data sources can be best applied to inform a public health response to the opioid overdose epidemic.IntroductionTimely and accurate measurement of overdose morbidity using emergency department (ED) data is necessary to inform an effective public health response given the dynamic nature of opioid overdose epidemic in the United States. However, from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, differing sources and types of ED data vary in their quality and comprehensiveness. Many jurisdictions collect timely emergency department data through syndromic surveillance (SyS) systems, while others may have access to more complete, but slower emergency department discharge datasets. State and local epidemiologists must make decisions regarding which datasets to use and how to best operationalize, interpret, and present overdose morbidity using ED data. These choices may affect the number, timeliness, and accuracy of the cases identified.MethodsCDC partnered with 45 states and the District of Columbia to combat the worsening opioid overdose epidemic through three cooperative agreements: Prevention for States (PFS), Data Driven Prevention Initiative (DDPI), and Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance (ESOOS). To support funded jurisdictions in monitoring non-fatal opioid overdoses, CDC developed two different sets of indicator guidance for measuring non-fatal opioid overdoses using ED data, with each focusing on different ED data sources (SyS and discharge). We report on the following attributes for each type of ED data source1,2: 1) timeliness; 2) data quality (e.g., percent completeness by field); 3) validity; and 4) representativeness (e.g., percent of facilities included).ResultsWhen comparing timeliness across data sources, SyS data has clear advantages, with many jurisdictions receiving data within 24 hours of an event. For discharge data, timeliness is more variable with some jurisdictions receiving data within weeks while others wait over 1.5 years before receiving a complete discharge dataset. Data quality and completeness tends to be stronger in discharge datasets as facilities are required to submit complete discharge records with valid ICD-10-CM codes in order to be reimbursed by payers. By contrast, for SyS data systems, participating facilities may not consistently submit data for all possible fields, including diagnosis. Validity is dependent on the data source as well as the case definition or syndrome definition used; with this in mind, SyS data overdose indicators are designed to have high sensitivity, with less attention to specificity. Discharge data overdose indicators are designed to have a high positive predictive value, while sensitivity and specificity are both important considerations. Discharge datasets often include records for 100% of ED visits from all nonfederal, acute care-affiliated facilities in a state included. By contrast, representativeness of facilities in SyS data systems varies widely across states with some states having less than 50% of facilities reporting.ConclusionsCDC funded partners share overdose morbidity data with CDC using either ED SyS data, ED discharge data, or both. CDC indicator guidance for ED discharge data is designed for states to track changes in health outcomes over time for descriptive, performance monitoring, and evaluation purposes and to create rates that are more comparable across injury category, time, and place. Considering these objectives, CDC placed a higher priority on data quality, validity (i.e., positive predictive value), and representativeness, all of which are stronger attributes of discharge data. CDC’s indicator guidance for ED SyS data is designed for states to rapidly identify changes in nonfatal overdoses and to identify areas within a particular state that are experiencing rapid change in the frequency or types of overdose events. When considering these needs, CDC prioritized timeliness and validity in terms of sensitivity, both of which are stronger attributes of SyS data. SyS and discharge ED data each lend themselves to different informational applications and interpretations based on the strengths and limitations of each dataset. An effective, informed public health response to the opioid overdose epidemic requires continued investment in public health surveillance infrastructure, careful consideration of the needs of the data user, and transparency regarding the unique strengths and limitations of each dataset.References1. Pencheon, D. (2006). Oxford handbook of public health practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Evaluation Working Group on Public Health Surveillance Systems for Early Detection of Outbreaks. (May 7, 2004). Framework for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems for Early Detection of Outbreaks. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5305a1.htm 

scholarly journals Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call for Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-412
Author(s):  
G. Kalcev ◽  
A. Preti ◽  
G. Orrù ◽  
M.G. Carta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Burnout Syndrome ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
The Impact

The current COVID-19 pandemic is likely to affect the physical and mental health and the well-being of people globally. The physicians and nurses on the frontline of patients care will be among the most affected in their psychosocial well-being, being exposed to trauma consequences and burnout syndrome. It is still unknown whether the COVID-19 infection will have direct neuropsychiatric consequences. The impact of the quarantine lockdown on mental health, too, has to be taken into account. The inclusion of mental health as part of national public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic is mandatory in assisting all those in need.

The impact of national culture on COVID-19 pandemic outcomes

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaochen He ◽  
Yixiao Jiang ◽  
Rik Chakraborti ◽  
Thomas D. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Culture ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
State Action ◽  
Cultural Heterogeneity ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study aims to uncover the extent to which cultural traits may explain the puzzling international divergence in COVID-19 outcomes, and how those traits interact with state action to produce compliance with pandemic health policy.Design/methodology/approachA theoretical framework illustrates the surprising possibility that culture and state action may not reinforce each other but rather act as substitutes in eliciting anti-pandemic behavior. This possibility is tested empirically in two specifications: a cross-sectional regression that includes several novel COVID-related measures, and a panel model that controls for contemporaneous disease burden. Across these models, we use the measures of national culture developed by Hofstede (1984) and a newer metric developed by Schwartz (1990).FindingsIndividualism and egalitarianism have a positive effect on disease prevalence, while cultural heterogeneity was associated with a more robust public health response. Consistent with our model, we find that culture and state action served as substitutes in motivating compliance with COVID-19 policy.Practical implicationsThe results of this study imply that culture and state interact in determining the effectiveness of public health measures aimed at combating COVID-19; these results recommend culturally aware state intervention when combating pandemics.Originality/valueThis study offers several new contributions. First, it proposes a model to help contextualize the empirical analysis. Second, it examines a wider range of traits than previous studies, including cultural homogeneity and the Schwartz variables. Third, it employs a richer econometric specification that explores the interaction between state and culture in a panel context.

Modelling the Impact and Public Health Response to COVID-19 in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Galiwango ◽  
John Kitayimbwa ◽  
Agnes N. Kiragga ◽  
Katherine E. Atkins ◽  
Andrew Leigh Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Opportunities for Prevention: A Data-Linkage Study to Inform A Public Health Response to Youth Offending in The Northern Territory, Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Yaofeng He ◽  
Bernard Leckning ◽  
Catia Malvaso ◽  
Tamika Williams ◽  
Leanne Liddle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Out Of Home Care ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong link between child maltreatment and subsequent youth offending, leading to calls for early intervention initiatives. However, there have been few whole-population studies into the dimensions of statutory child maltreatment responses that can inform these programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex-specific association between level and timing of child protection system (CPS) contact and youth offending.Methods This retrospective cohort study used linked individual-level records from multiple agencies, for 10,438 Aboriginal children born in the Northern Territory between 1999 and 2006. The outcome measure was the first alleged offence. Key explanatory variables were level (no contact through to out-of-home care) and timing (0-4 years, 5-9 years, or both) of CPS contact. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate cumulative incidence and a flexible parametric survival model to estimate hazard ratios (HR).Results Children with no record of CPS contact before age 10 had the lowest cumulative incidence of first offence by age 18 (boys: 23.4% [95%CI:21.0-26.1]; girls: 6.6% [95%CI:5.3-8.2]) and those with a record of out-of-home care the highest CI (boys: 45.5% [95%CI:37.0-54.9]; girls: 18.6% [95%CI:13.0-26.2]). The impact of CPS contact on risk of first alleged offence was greatest for children aged 10-13 years and decreased with age. Timing of CPS contact was also associated with increasing cumulative incidence. The relative risk for first offence was generally higher for children with CPS contact, of any type, during both developmental phases including notifications during both phases (boys, HR at age 11: 8.9 [95%CI:4.2-17.2]; girls, HR at age 11: 13.7 [95%CI:3.8-48.9]) and substantiations during both phases (boys, HR at age 11: 17.0 [95%CI:9.6-30.0]; girls, HR at age 11: 54.1 [95%CI:18.1-162]). Conclusion The increased risk of offending associated with level and timing of early CPS contact highlights opportunities for a differentiated public health response to improve life trajectories for children and to reduce youth crime. Although children with unsubstantiated notifications of maltreatment do not meet the criteria for a statutory CPS response, the higher risk of offending among these children supports their inclusion in targeted preventive interventions.

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