Neurochemical anatomy of dorsal and tonic immobility responses

2022 ◽  
pp. 173334
Author(s):  
Robert Lalonde ◽  
Catherine Strazielle
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility

Tonic Immobility in Chickens: Strain and Emotionality Differences

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon G. Gallup ◽  
Jack D. Maser ◽  
David H. Ledbetter
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility

Habituation and Tonic Immobility: Parametric Studies

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Nash ◽  
Gordon G. Gallup ◽  
Sara Garrison
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Parametric Studies

Tonic Immobility Questionnaire

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray P. Abrams ◽  
R. Nicholas Carleton ◽  
Steven Taylor ◽  
Gordon J. G. Asmundson
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility

scholarly journals Post-Dropping Behavior of Potato Aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-239
Author(s):  
Rosalind K. Humphreys ◽  
Graeme D. Ruxton ◽  
Alison J. Karley
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Tactile Stimulus ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Antipredator Defense ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Potato Aphids ◽  
Lower Plant

AbstractDropping behavior is an effective antipredator defense utilized by many insects including aphids, which drop from plants to lower plant parts or underlying substrates to avoid attack from predatory invertebrates. While research commonly focusses on triggers of dropping, less attention is given to what happens to prey individuals following escape drops. In this study, the duration of tonic immobility, recovery rates, and cases of “instant recovery” (re-clinging to lower plant parts) exhibited by potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) that dropped from potted seedlings in response to introduced ladybird (Adalia bipunctata) adults, lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) larvae, and a standardized tactile stimulus were investigated in relation to a range of environmental factors. Air temperature had a negative correlation with the duration of post-dropping tonic immobility; as temperature increased, time spent motionless decreased. Aphids also showed a pattern of increased recovery rate at higher temperatures. Aphids may be selected to move off the substrate quicker to avoid risks of overheating/desiccation at higher temperatures; and/or higher body temperature facilitates locomotion. Stimulus type also influenced recovery rate back to the original seedling, with aphids generally recovering after the standardized stimulus quicker than after dropping triggered by a real predator. Considering cases of instant recovery onto lower-reaches of the host seedling, seedling height influenced the likelihood of re-clinging, with aphids that managed to instantly recover dropping from, on average, taller seedlings than aphids that dropped to the substrate. Plant architecture could mitigate the costs of dropping for aphids, but further studies quantifying understory foliage cover are needed.

Effects of MIF-I, sex, and weight on tonic immobility in lizards (Anolis carolinensis)

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances M. Cashner ◽  
Sarah W. Delatte ◽  
Thomas K. Von Almen ◽  
Gayle A. Olson ◽  
Richard D. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis

scholarly journals ON THE MECHANISM OF TONIC IMMOBILITY IN VERTEBRATES

1928 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hudson Hoagland
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
The State ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Selective Inhibitors ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Temperature Range

1. The durations of successive periods of induced tonic immobility in the lizard Anolis carolinensis was examined as a function of temperature. An automatic recording method was employed and observations were made of 12,000 to 15,000 immobilizations with six animals over a temperature range of 5° to 35°C. during 5 months. 2. The durations of the immobile periods were found to vary rhythmically in most cases. The reciprocal of the duration of the rhythm, i.e., the rate of change of the process underlying the rhythms, when plotted as a function of temperature according to the Arrhenius equation show distributions of points in two straight line groups. One of these groups or bands of points extends throughout the entire temperature range with a temperature characteristic of approximately µ = 31,000 calories, and the other covers the range of 20° to 35°C. with µ equal to approximately 9,000 calories. 3. The initial stimulus in a series of inductions of immobility appears to set off a mechanism which determines the duration of the state of quiescence. Succeeding forced recoveries seem to have no effect on the normal duration of the rhythm. 4. These results are interpreted by assuming the release, through reflex stimulation, of hormonal substances, one effective between 5° and 35°C. and the other effective between 20° and 35°C. These substances are assumed to act as selective inhibitors of impulses from so called "higher centers," allowing impulses from tonic centers to pass to the muscles. 5. In some experiments a progressive lengthening in successively induced periods of immobility was observed. The logarithm of the frequency of recovery when plotted against time in most of these cases (i.e., except for a few in which irregularities occurred) gave a linear function of negative slope which was substantially unaffected by temperature. In these cases it is assumed that a diffusion process is controlling the amount of available A substance. 6. The results are similar to those obtained by Crozier with Cylisticus convexus. The duration of tonic immobility seems to be maintained in both arthropod and vertebrate by the chemical activity of "hormonal" selective inhibitors. The details of the mechanisms differ, but there is basic similarity. 7. Injections of small amounts of adrenalin above a threshold value are found to prolong the durations of tonic immobility of Anolis, by an amount which is a logarithmic function of the "dose." It is possible that internally secreted adrenalin, above a threshold amount, may be involved in the maintenance of tonic immobility. 8. The production of tonic immobility reflexly is a problem distinct from that of the duration of immobility. It is suggested that the onset may be induced by "shock" to the centers of reflex tonus causing promiscuous discharge of these centers with accompanying inhibition of the higher centers. Such a condition may result when an animal is suddenly lifted from the substratum and overturned, or when, as in the case of Anolis, it struggles with dorsum down. This reaction of the "tonic centers" may at the same time lead to discharge of the adrenal glands by way of their spinal connections thus prolonging the state.

scholarly journals Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and tonic immobility reactions to preslaughter handling in broiler chickens treated with ascorbic acid

2000 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Zulkifli ◽  
M.T. Che Norma ◽  
C.H. Chong ◽  
T.C. Loh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio

Restraint, fear, and distress in Japanese quail genetically selected for long or short tonic immobility reactions

1994 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.Bryan Jones ◽  
Andrew D. Mills ◽  
Jean-Michel Faure ◽  
John B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Tonic Immobility

Tonic immobility in domestic fowl: Possible interaction of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms

1981 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry B. Wallnau ◽  
Gerard D. Bordash ◽  
Philip Corso
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Dopaminergic Mechanisms
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