Earthworms in New Zealand sheep- and dairy-grazed pastures with focus on anecic Aporrectodea longa

Pedobiologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. S131-S137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Schon ◽  
Alec D. Mackay ◽  
Ross A. Gray ◽  
Maria A. Minor
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Grazed Pastures

Density of Trifolium repens plants in mixed swards under intensive grazing by sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. M. Hay ◽  
J. L. Brock ◽  
V. J. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
Point Density

SUMMARYDensities of physiologically independent plants of white clover were studied in New Zealand in pastures stocked at 22·5 ewes plus lambs/ha by set stocking, rotational grazing or a combination of both systems. Plants were sampled once a month for 1 year (1984/85) by taking turves and washing out the plants. Numbers of growing points and stolon dry weight per plant were obtained. At each sampling fifty, 50 mm diameter pasture plugs were taken from each sward and growing point density and stolon mass/m2 of white clover were measured. The density of white clover plants in the swards was estimated on the basis of both stolon dry weight and number of growing points.The two estimates gave similar results. There was a trend of lowest densities in set-stocked pastures (334/m2), intermediate densities in combination management pastures (431/m2) and highest densities in the rotationally grazed pastures (553/m2). The overall mean density of white clover plants was 439/m2 and the range was 193–811/m2.The structure of swards under the three systems of grazing differed and this was considered to contribute towards the variation in density of white clover plants in the various swards.

The nutrition of grazed pastures in New Zealand

1993 ◽  
Vol 155-156 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Cornforth ◽  
A. G. Sinclair ◽  
J. S. Rowarth
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Grazed Pastures

Viability of axillary buds of white clover (Trifolium repens) in grazed pasture

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. D. Newton ◽  
M. J. M. Hay ◽  
V. J. Thomas ◽  
H. B. Dick
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Spring Period ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Pattern Of Variation

SUMMARYStolon nodes of white clover were sampled monthly for 18 months from continuously grazed (set stocked) and rotationally grazed pastures in New Zealand. Both pastures were stocked at 22·5 ewes plus lambs/ha. Axillary buds were classified into viability categories using an incubation technique. On average, 54% of nodes had non-viable or dormant buds, 25% had axillary buds that were viable but non-active and 0·1% bore reproductive buds. Although 21% of buds emerged, only 8·5% of nodes bore live branches. Bud activity was strongly inhibited during the spring period of both years and this inhibition could not be removed by incubation.The greatest bud viability occurred at node 4 (from the apex) although 30–40% of the buds at this position were non-viable. This pattern of variation changed somewhat with season. Some viable buds were present at nodes more than 20 from the apex but these were of low vigour. Secondary stolons had different patterns of bud activity from those of primary stolons until they comprised more than 16 nodes.

Nitrogen leaching from sheep-, cattle- and deer-grazed pastures in the Lake Taupo catchment in New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 416 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Hoogendoorn ◽  
K. Betteridge ◽  
S. F. Ledgard ◽  
D. A. Costall ◽  
Z. A. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
The Impact

A replicated grazing study measuring nitrogen (N) leaching from cattle-, sheep- and deer-grazed pastures was conducted to investigate the impact of different animal species on N leaching in the Lake Taupo catchment in New Zealand. Leaching losses of nitrate N from intensively grazed pastures on a highly porous pumice soil in the catchment averaged 37, 26 and 25 kg N/ha.year for cattle-, sheep- and deer-grazed areas, respectively, over the 3-year study and were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Leaching losses of ammonium N were much lower (3 kg N/ha.year for all three species of grazer; P > 0.05). Amounts of dissolved organic N leached were significantly higher than that of mineral N (nitrate N + ammonium N), and over the 3-year study averaged 44, 43 and 39 kg N/ha.year for cattle-, sheep- and deer-grazed areas, respectively (P > 0.05). On a stock unit equivalence basis (1 stock unit is equivalent to 550 kg DM consumed/year), cattle-grazed areas leached significantly more mineral N than sheep- or deer-grazed areas (5.5, 2.9 and 3.4 g mineral N leached/24 h grazing by 1 stock unit, for cattle, sheep and deer, respectively) (P < 0.001). Likewise, based on the amount of N apparently consumed (estimated by difference in mass of herbage N pre- and post-grazing), cattle-grazed pastures leached more mineral N than sheep- or deer-grazed pastures (123, 75 and 75 g mineral N/kg N apparently consumed for cattle, sheep and deer, respectively) (P < 0.01). This study gives valuable information on mineral N leaching in a high-rainfall environment on this free-draining pumice soil, and provides new data to assist in developing strategies to mitigate mineral N leaching losses from grazed pastures using different animal species.

The nutrition of grazed pastures in New Zealand

1993 ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Cornforth ◽  
A. G. Sinclair ◽  
J. S. Rowarth
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Grazed Pastures

Estimating net annual soil sulfur mineralisation in New Zealand grazed pastures using mass balance models

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Goh ◽  
M. L. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Organic S ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
Simple Mass ◽  
Grazing Area ◽  
S Model ◽  
Soil Sulfur ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

Estimates of net soil sulfur (S) mineralisation of grazed pastures in New Zealand were made using the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture (MAF) S model and a recently developed simple mass-balance S model. Quantitative estimates of S inputs and outputs in the MAF S model were also compared with those obtained in recent field trials. Results obtained showed that the MAF S model was reasonably accurate in estimating S inputs and outputs and long-term maintenance pasture S requirements but not short-term pasture S requirements, due to the parameters used not accounting for the effects of major factors affecting soil organic S mineralisation. Net annual soil S mineralisation under high-producing pastures estimated by the simple mass-balance model was substantial, ranging from 17·7 to 29·1 kg S/ha · year, thus showing that the mineralisation of soil organic S can be a significant source of S for pasture plant growth. The inclusion of the MAF soil organic S test into the MAF S model may improve short-term S requirements, but the soil organic S test needs to be calibrated with net soil S mineralisation potential, soil types, management practices, and pasture production. Although some of the excreta S that has been transferred to stock camps may be returned to the main grazing area, this excretal S and sulfate leaching losses were found to be major S outputs of the main grazing area. The results suggested that the mineralisation of soil organic S may not be sufficient to replace S losses indefinitely when S fertiliser applications are withheld.

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