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2022 ◽  
pp. 319-335
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar Gupta ◽  
Basant Yadav ◽  
Kristell Le Corre ◽  
Alison Parker

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Yasser Aswad Thamrin ◽  
Herminawati Abubakar ◽  
Hasanuddin Remmang

Era keterbukaan dalam memasuki pasar global menjadi tantangan pengusaha dalam memacu dan memberikan pelayanan dalam menyalurkan hasil produknya sampai ketangan konsumen yang menjadi target sasaran pasar. Suatu produk, baru dapat dikonsumsi setelah melalui proses kegiatan produksi dan pemasaran. Dengan demikian produksi membentuk terciptanya konsumen, sedangkan pemasaran membentuk terciptanya harga (price), karena itu kegiatan pemasaran berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara produksi dan konsumsi. Sebesar apapun produksi yang dihasilkan tanpa adanya kegiatan pemasaran maka produk tersebut tidak mempunyai nilai apa-apa. Jamur tiram putih dikenal sebagai jamur yang mudah dibudidayakan didaerah tropik dan subtropik. Kebutuhan dan keinginan manusia semakin lama semakin bertambah besar, baik produk makanan, buku, bahkan perumahan. Hal tersebut merupakan suatu indikator bahwa tingkat pendapatan masyarakat semakin tinggi. Jamur tiram  dikenal sebagai jamur yang mudah dibudidayakan didaerah tropik dan subtropik. Jamur tiram ini juga termasuk dalam kelompok jamur yang sering dikonsumsi karena memiliki nilai gizi yang tinggi. Jamur tiram menjadi komuditas yang cukup potensial untuk dipasarkan, hal ini terjadi karena permintaan jamur ini sangat tinggi namun produksinya masih rendah. Jamur tiram dibudidayakan pada media yang mengandung unsur C dalam bentuk karbohidrat dalam jumlah yang tinggi. Media harus mengandung unsur N dalam bentuk Amonium atau Nitrat, N-organik atau N-atmosfer. Unsur N ini akan diubah oleh jamur menjadi protein.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bauran pemasaran dari jamur tiram (hasil produl, harga, dan promosi) yang dapat mempengaruji jumlah penjualan.Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah uji asumsi klasik dan uji hopotesis.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa hasil produk, harga dan promosi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap volume penjualan pada media yang mengandung unsur C dalam bentuk karbohidrat dalam jumlah yang tinggi. Media harus mengandung unsur N dalam bentuk Amonium atau Nitrat, N-organik atau N-atmosfer. Unsur N ini akan diubah oleh jamur menjadi protein.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bauran pemasaran dari jamur tiram (hasil produl, harga, dan promosi) yang dapat mempengaruji jumlah penjualan.Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah uji asumsi klasik dan uji hopotesis.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa hasil produk, harga dan promosi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap volume penjualan. The era of openness in entering the global market is a challenge for entrepreneurs in spurring and providing services in distributing their products into the hands of consumers who are the target market. A product can only be consumed after going through the process of production and marketing activities. Thus production forms the creation of consumers, while marketing forms the creation of prices (price), therefore marketing activities function as a liaison between production and consumption. No matter how big the production is without any marketing activities, the product has no value. White oyster mushrooms are known as mushrooms that are easily cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Human needs and wants are getting bigger and bigger, both food products, books, and even housing. This is an indicator that the level of community income is getting higher. Oyster mushrooms are known as mushrooms that are easily cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Oyster mushrooms are also included in the group of mushrooms that are often consumed because they have high nutritional value. Oyster mushroom is a potential commodity to be marketed, this happens because the demand for this mushroom is very high but its production is still low. Oyster mushrooms are cultivated on media containing high amounts of C in the form of carbohydrates. The media must contain N elements in the form of Ammonium or Nitrate, N-organic or N-atmosphere. These N elements will be converted by the fungus into protein. This study aims to analyze the marketing mix of oyster mushrooms (product yield, price, and promotion) which can affect the amount of sales. The analytical tools used are classical assumption test and hypothesis test. The results of the analysis show that the results of the product, price and promotion have a positive and significant effect on sales volume on media containing element C in the form of carbohydrates in high amounts. The media must contain N elements in the form of Ammonium or Nitrate, N-organic or N-atmosphere. These N elements will be converted by the fungus into protein. This study aims to analyze the marketing mix of oyster mushrooms (product yield, price, and promotion) which can affect the amount of sales. The analytical tools used are classical assumption test and hypothesis test. The results of the analysis show that the results of the product, price and promotion have a positive and significant effect on sales volume


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaran Bi ◽  
Linlin Wang ◽  
Wenyong Wu ◽  
Renkuan Liao ◽  
xiangshuai Bi ◽  
...  

Abstract Quantifying the spatial distribution of nitrogen (N) in the soil under long-term drip fertigation events is essential for the optimal regulation of drip fertigation systems. In this study, a greenhouse soil that has been under drip irrigation for 20 years was selected as the research object, and soil samples were collected from 0-50 cm soil depth. The concentrations of N in soil samples were measured and their spatial distribution characteristics were quantified by classical statistical analysis and multifractal analysis. The results showed that long-term drip fertigation and the influence of natural factors resulted in the nitrate N mainly accumulating in the shallow layer of the soil and within a distance from the drip irrigation belt, and the spatial heterogeneity gradually decreased with increasing depth. The content of ammonium N was low and its distribution was observed in the whole section. Multifractal analysis indicated that the Δα value of nitrate N and inorganic N gradually increased with the increase of research scale, i.e., the spatial heterogeneity gradually increased, and it did not appreciably change for ammonium N. Meanwhile, the local high value region was the main factor leading to the spatial heterogeneity of N, and this dominant effect gradually increased with increasing depth. Multifractal analysis can effectively reflect the local information of N spatial distribution in the soil and provide a more detailed description of the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinping Liu ◽  
Yongqing Luo ◽  
Li Cheng ◽  
Hongjiao Hu ◽  
Youhan Wang ◽  
...  

Plant fine root turnover is a continuous process both spatially and temporally, and fine root decomposition is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. However, the effect of the living roots and the associated mycorrhizal fungal mycelia on fine root decomposition remains unclear. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of these biotic factors on fine root decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the effect of fine roots and mycelia on fine root decomposition of a pioneer shrub (Artemisia halodendron) in Horqin sandy land, northeast China, by the ingrowth core method combined with the litterbag method. Litterbags were installed in cores. Results showed that core a allowed the growth of both fine roots and mycelia (treatment R + M), core b only allowed the growth of mycelia (treatment M), and in core c the fine root and mycelia growth were restricted and only bulk soil was present (treatment S). These findings suggest that the process of root decomposition was significantly affected by the living roots and mycelia, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration dynamics during root decomposition differed among treatments. Mycelia significantly stimulated the mass loss and C and N release during root decomposition. Treatment R + M significantly stimulated the accumulation of soil total C, total N, and organic N under litterbags. The mycelia significantly stimulated the accumulation of the inorganic N (ammonium-N and nitrate-N) but the presence of fine roots weakened nitrate-N accumulation. The presence of living roots and associated mycelia strongly affected the process of root decomposition and matter release in the litter-soil system. The results of this study should strengthen the understanding of root-soil interactions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mangapul Parlindungan Tambunan ◽  
Kuswantoro Marko ◽  
Ratna Saraswati ◽  
Rokhmatuloh Rokhmatuloh ◽  
Revi Hernina

Lake Rawa Besar is an urban lake surrounded by dense settlements and commercial areas that are currently experiencing physical and ecological pressures due to uncontrolled land-use change around the lake. Therefore, this preliminary study aimed to investigate the sustainable management of the lake in order to create a recreational destination area. It was carried out by ascertaining the lake water quality status through the analysis of the physical and chemical parameters and identifying the potential pollutant sources due to land use and human activities. The physical parameters include TDS, TSS, Turbidity, while the chemical parameters include Nitrate-N, Total Phosphate-P, and BOD. Furthermore, field surveys on 30 water samples were conducted once at noon and statistical analysis was used to ascertain the correlation between the physical and chemical parameters. Finally, Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were used to investigate the spatial distribution of the Physico-chemical parameters and the potential pollutant sources. The results showed that based on the six parameters of the water quality status, the lake was lightly polluted. It also showed that three parameters such as Turbidity, BOD, and TSS exceed the permissible limit with 93.3, 66.7, 43.7% of the total samples, respectively. Additionally, a strong correlation existed between BOD and Turbidity with r=0.95, while a medium correlation existed between Nitrate-N and Phosphate-P with r=0.40. The spatial distribution of the concentration of the physico-chemical parameters generally had a varied pattern,  however, Turbidity and BOD had a similar pattern, especially in the bank areas. Finally, domestic and organic wastes were indicated as pollutant sources, which increased eutrophication in the lake.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1741
Author(s):  
Finn Petersen ◽  
Johannes Demann ◽  
Dina Restemeyer ◽  
Andreas Ulbrich ◽  
Hans-Werner Olfs ◽  
...  

In order to produce protein-rich duckweed for human and animal consumption, a stable cultivation process, including an optimal nutrient supply for each species, must be implemented. Modified nutrient media, based on the N-medium for duckweed cultivation, were tested on the relative growth rate (RGR) and crude protein content (CPC) of Lemna minor and Wolffiella hyalina, as well as the decrease of nitrate-N and ammonium-N in the media. Five different nitrate-N to ammonium-N molar ratios were diluted to 10% and 50% of the original N-medium concentration. The media mainly consisted of agricultural fertilizers. A ratio of 75% nitrate-N and 25% ammonium-N, with a dilution of 50%, yielded the best results for both species. Based on the dry weight (DW), L. minor achieved a RGR of 0.23 ± 0.009 d−1 and a CPC of 37.8 ± 0.42%, while W. hyalina’s maximum RGR was 0.22 ± 0.017 d−1, with a CPC of 43.9 ± 0.34%. The relative protein yield per week and m2 was highest at this ratio and dilution, as well as the ammonium-N decrease in the corresponding medium. These results could be implemented in duckweed research and applications if a high protein content or protein yield is the aim.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McDowell ◽  
Z. P. Simpson ◽  
A. G. Ausseil ◽  
Z. Etheridge ◽  
R. Law

AbstractUnderstanding the lag time between land management and impacts on riverine nitrate–nitrogen (N) loads is critical to understand when action to mitigate nitrate–N leaching losses from the soil profile may start improving water quality. These lags occur due to leaching of nitrate–N through the subsurface (soil and groundwater). Actions to mitigate nitrate–N losses have been mandated in New Zealand policy to start showing improvements in water quality within five years. We estimated annual rates of nitrate–N leaching and annual nitrate–N loads for 77 river catchments from 1990 to 2018. Lag times between these losses and riverine loads were determined for 34 catchments but could not be determined in other catchments because they exhibited little change in nitrate–N leaching losses or loads. Lag times varied from 1 to 12 years according to factors like catchment size (Strahler stream order and altitude) and slope. For eight catchments where additional isotope and modelling data were available, the mean transit time for surface water at baseflow to pass through the catchment was on average 2.1 years less than, and never greater than, the mean lag time for nitrate–N, inferring our lag time estimates were robust. The median lag time for nitrate–N across the 34 catchments was 4.5 years, meaning that nearly half of these catchments wouldn’t exhibit decreases in nitrate–N because of practice change within the five years outlined in policy.


Author(s):  
Ana González-Pedraza ◽  
Juan Escalante

The main source of N in the soil is organic matter; therefore, its availability depends on its quantity and quality, microbial activity, soil characteristics and management. An efficient way to quantify available N is by mineralizing it as ammonium (N-NH ) and nitrate (N-NO ). Therefore, in this study, the total and available N was determined in soil samples 0-20 cm deep from two plots with plantain plants (Musa AAB plantain subgroup cv. Hartón) with high and low vigor (AV and BV, respectively), in the South of Lake Maracaibo. Total N was determined by the Kjeldalh method and the mineralization of available N by incubation under laboratory conditions for 10 weeks. The accumulated mineralized N (Nm), the constant mineralization rate of (k) and the potentially mineralizable N (N0) were calculated. A one-way analysis of variance was applied, when it was significant (p<0.05), a Tukey test was applied for multiple comparisons of means. Total N was low (<0.025 %) and did not present statistical differences (p<0.05) between AV and BV. The accumulated mineralized N-NO was statistically (p<0.05) higher (524.47 mg.kg-1) in BV, while the N-NH did not present differences between AV and BV. Only k was statistically higher (0.07 ± 0.03; p<0.05) in BV. Nitrification was the process that prevailed especially in BV where organic carbon was higher and presented a higher percentage of sand.


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