The association between smoking behaviour, social cognition and social functioning in patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder: A prospective follow-up study

Abstract Background Social cognitive deficits are common in people with a psychotic disorder, and may play an important role in social dysfunction. Social cognition training (SCT) has emerged in the past two decades as a way to improve social cognition through strategy training and repeated practice. Several reviews and meta-analyses have indicated that SCT improves social cognition, but several important questions remain. This meta-analysis addresses three of these questions: Methods Search results from clinical databases were systematically reviewed by two independent raters. SCTs from included publications were categorized according to their focus (targeted or broad-based) and their inclusion of CRT (with or without). Network meta-analysis was used, since it allows for comparison of more than two treatments, and comparison of any chosen pair of interventions - even those not directly investigated in the literature. It estimates the treatment effect by inference from a network of evidence (i.e., effectAB = effectAC – effectBC), and combines this indirect evidence with original comparisons to estimate treatment effects. For each treatment arm, a pre-post effect size was determined and pairwise comparisons for each combination of study arms were calculated. With network meta-analysis, all SCTs were compared to treatment as usual (the chosen reference group). Meta-regression was used to evaluate the moderating effects of study (methodological quality, total intervention time, use of groups, static/dynamic measures, inclusion of CRT) and participant (age, illness duration, medication dose, gender) characteristics. Follow-up efficacy was investigated using multivariate meta-analysis. Results Compared to TAU, emotion perception was improved most by targeted SCT without CRT (Cohen’s d=.68) and broad-based SCT without CRT (d=.46). All treatments improved social perception (active control, d=.98, targeted SCT with and without CRT, d=1.36 and d=1.38, broad-based SCT with and without CRT, d=1.35 and d=1.45). Only broad-based SCT without CRT improved ToM (d=.42) more than TAU. Social functioning was significantly improved only by broad-based SCT (without CRT, d=.82, with CRT, d=.41). None of the SCTs significantly improved attribution, general social cognition and psychotic symptoms, compared to TAU. Individual SCT worked better for emotion perception, but SCT in a group was more effective for social functioning. A higher percentage of male participants in a study predicted worse outcomes on functioning and psychotic symptoms. At follow-up, a moderate effect on social functioning (d=.66) was found, but not on psychotic symptoms. Social cognition could not be investigated quantitatively at follow-up due to insufficient data, but qualitative analysis suggested persisting effects. Discussion While targeted SCT is the most effective for emotion perception and social perception, broad-based SCT produced the best overall outcomes. Using CRT did not enhance SCT effects. Our results suggest that (particularly broad-based approaches to) SCT produce generalized, enduring effects, but more methodologically sound research is necessary to investigate key questions that remain, especially regarding mechanisms of treatment.

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Design of a prospective follow-up study on early parenthood and smoking behaviour during pregnancy in Finnish primary healthcare

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/14034948211022433 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 140349482110224

Author(s):

Mikael O. Ekblad ◽

Hanna P. Wallin ◽

Marjukka Pajulo ◽

Päivi E. Korhonen

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Study Design ◽

Primary Healthcare ◽

Routine Data ◽

Smoking Behaviour ◽

Self Report ◽

Health Clinic ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Study Population

Aims: The primary aim of the study is to explore different factors affecting parents’ smoking behaviour, and especially how smoking may be connected with individual differences in the psychological process of becoming a parent. In the current paper, we present the study design together with basic information on the study population. Methods: The Central Satakunta Maternity and Child Health Clinic (KESALATU) Study is an ongoing prospective follow-up study in primary healthcare of the Satakunta region of southwest Finland. Families were recruited during their first maternity clinic visit between 1 September 2016 and 31 December 2019, and participation will continue until the child is 1.5 years of age. The study combines different sources and types of data: e.g. routine data obtained from primary healthcare clinic records, specific parental self-report data and data from a new exhaled carbon monoxide meter indicating maternal smoking. The data are collected using frequently repeated assessments both during pregnancy and postnatally. The methods cover the following areas of interest: family background factors (including smoking and alcohol use), self-reported parental–foetal/infant attachment and mentalization, self-reported stress, depression and quality of life. Results: 589 pregnant women and their partners were asked to participate in the study during the collection time period. The final study population consisted of 248 (42.1%) pregnant women and 160 (27.1%) partners. Conclusions: The new methods and study design have the potential to increase our understanding about the link between early parenting psychology, prenatal psychosocial risk factors and parental health behaviour.

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The association between smoking behaviour patterns and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a long-term follow-up study among Finnish adults

The Clinical Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1111/j.1752-699x.2011.00266_5.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 6-7

Author(s):

Maria Hukkinen ◽

Tellervo Korhonen ◽

Kauko Heikkilä ◽

Jaakko Kaprio

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Smoking Behaviour ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Long Term Follow Up

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Trajectories of schizotypy and their emotional and social functioning: An 18-month follow-up study

Schizophrenia Research ◽

10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.038 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 193 ◽

pp. 384-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Hai-song Shi ◽

Wen-hua Liu ◽

Dong-jie Xie ◽

Fu-lei Geng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Functioning ◽

Follow Up Study

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Social Support and Post Hospital Outcome for Depressed Women

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674378302800804 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 612-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

P. Goering ◽

D. Wasylenki ◽

W. Lancee ◽

S.J.J. Freeman

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Social Functioning ◽

Social Adjustment ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Aftercare Services ◽

Hospital Outcome ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Poor Outcome ◽

Discharged Patients

In a larger follow-up study of discharged patients, a subgroup of 87 women with non-psychotic disorders had an unexpectedly poor outcome at six months with regard to readmissions, symptoms and social adjustment. The only factor which distinguished those who had been readmitted was lack of social support. Lack of social support was also related to poor symptom and social adjustment outcomes. There were considerable difficulties with social functioning independent of high symptoms. The adequacy of aftercare services is questioned in the light of these findings.

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Imaginal Retraining Reduces Craving for Tobacco in 1-Year Controlled Follow-Up Study

European Addiction Research ◽

10.1159/000518678 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Josefine Gehlenborg ◽

Anja S. Göritz ◽

Steffen Moritz ◽

Thies Lüdtke ◽

Simone Kühn

Keyword(s):

Training Group ◽

Well Being ◽

Initial Study ◽

Smoking Behaviour ◽

Significant Group ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Term Efficacy ◽

Group Data

Introduction: Imaginal retraining is a self-help technique that adapts the principles of approach bias modification to the imagination. Imaginal retraining has been shown to reduce craving and addictive behaviours in 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on problematic alcohol consumption, overweight, and tobacco use. To date, there have been no studies evaluating the long-term efficacy of the intervention. The aim of the present study was to generate first hypotheses on the long-term efficacy of imaginal retraining in smokers in a controlled 1-year follow-up study. Materials and Methods: We recontacted the 345 participants who had taken part in an RCT on imaginal retraining for smokers 1 year later. The survey was carried out online and assessed craving for tobacco (primary outcome), smoking behaviour, well-being, and subjective appraisal. Individuals who applied the technique at least once during the previous year were categorized as the training group, whereas participants who never performed the training were categorized as the no-training group. Data were analysed using linear mixed models (LMMs). The study was preregistered as DRKS00021044. Results: The completion rate was 45.5%. Less than 40% used the intervention at least once in the previous 12 months. LMM analyses showed a significant reduction in craving for tobacco for the training compared to the no-training group after 1 year. No significant group differences emerged in smoking behaviour, depressive symptoms, or quality of life. Subjective appraisal of the intervention was favorable, similar to the initial study. Conclusion: The present study provides preliminary support for the long-term efficacy of imaginal retraining on craving for tobacco but not on smoking behaviour, highlighting the importance of multimodal treatment concepts in smoking cessation that target a variety of maintaining factors. Future studies need to investigate the long-term efficacy of the intervention in prospective RCTs that test alternative ways of conveying the technique to improve adherence.

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