Authentication of the geographical origin of extra-virgin olive oil of the Arbequina cultivar by chromatographic fingerprinting and chemometrics

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) represents a crucial ingredient of the Mediterranean diet. Being a first-choice product, consumers should be guaranteed its quality and geographical origin, justifying the high purchasing cost. For this reason, it is important to have new reliable tools able to classify products according to their geographical origin. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the efficiency of an open source visible and near infra-red (VIS-NIR) spectrophotometer, relying on a specific app, in assessing olive oil geographical origin. Thus, 67 Italian and 25 foreign EVOO samples were analyzed and their spectral data were processed through an artificial intelligence algorithm. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) results reported significant differences (p < 0.001) between the Italian and foreign EVOO VIS-NIR matrices. The artificial neural network (ANN) model with an external test showed a correct classification percentage equal to 94.6%. Both the MANOVA and ANN tested methods showed the most important spectral wavelengths ranges for origin determination to be 308–373 nm and 594–605 nm. These are related to the absorption of phenolic components, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and anthocyanins. The proposed tool allows the assessment of EVOO samples’ origin and thus could help to preserve the “Made in Italy” from fraud and sophistication related to its commerce.

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Fresh and Aromatic Virgin Olive Oil Obtained from Arbequina, Koroneiki, and Arbosana Cultivars

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24193587 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (19) ◽

pp. 3587 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alfonso M. Vidal ◽

Sonia Alcalá ◽

Antonia De Torres ◽

Manuel Moya ◽

Juan M. Espínola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Total Content ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Lipoxygenase Pathway ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

Irrigated Crops ◽

Arbequina Cultivar

Three factors for the extraction of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) were evaluated: diameter of the grid holes of the hammer-crusher, malaxation temperature, and malaxation time. A Box–Behnken design was used to obtain a total of 289 olive oil samples. Twelve responses were analyzed and 204 mathematical models were obtained. Olives from super-intensive rainfed or irrigated crops of the Arbequina, Koroneiki, and Arbosana cultivars at different stages of ripening were used. Malaxation temperature was found to be the factor with the most influence on the total content of lipoxygenase pathway volatile compounds; as the temperature increased, the content of volatile compounds decreased. On the contrary, pigments increased when the malaxation temperature was increased. EVOO from irrigated crops and from the Arbequina cultivar had the highest content of volatile compounds. Olive samples with a lower ripening degree, from the Koroneiki cultivar and from rainfed crops, had the highest content of pigments.

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Geographical Origin Assessment of Extra Virgin Olive Oil via NMR and MS Combined with Chemometrics as Analytical Approaches

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods11010113 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Francesca Calò ◽

Chiara Roberta Girelli ◽

Selina C. Wang ◽

Francesco Paolo Fanizzi

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Geographical Origin ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Product Authenticity ◽

Mature Field ◽

Analytical Approaches ◽

Origin Assessment

Geographical origin assessment of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is recognised worldwide as raising consumers’ awareness of product authenticity and the need to protect top-quality products. The need for geographical origin assessment is also related to mandatory legislation and/or the obligations of true labelling in some countries. Nevertheless, official methods for such specific authentication of EVOOs are still missing. Among the analytical techniques useful for certification of geographical origin, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS), combined with chemometrics, have been widely used. This review considers published works describing the use of these analytical methods, supported by statistical protocols such as multivariate analysis (MVA), for EVOO origin assessment. The research has shown that some specific countries, generally corresponding to the main worldwide producers, are more interested than others in origin assessment and certification. Some specific producers such as Italian EVOO producers may have been focused on this area because of consumers’ interest and/or intrinsic economical value, as testified also by the national concern on the topic. Both NMR- and MS-based approaches represent a mature field where a general validation method for EVOOs geographic origin assessment could be established as a reference recognised procedure.

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Application of 1H and 13C NMR Fingerprinting as a Tool for the Authentication of Maltese Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9060689 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 689 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Frederick Lia ◽

Benjamin Vella ◽

Marion Zammit Mangion ◽

Claude Farrugia

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

1H Nmr ◽

13C Nmr ◽

Nmr Spectra ◽

Geographical Origin ◽

Pulse Sequence ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

13C Nmr Spectra ◽

1H And 13C Nmr

The application of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in conjunction with chemometric methods was applied for the discrimination and authentication of Maltese extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs). A total of 65 extra virgin olive oil samples, consisting of 30 Maltese and 35 foreign samples, were collected and analysed over four harvest seasons between 2013 and 2016. A preliminary examination of 1H NMR spectra using unsupervised principle component analysis (PCA) models revealed no significant clustering reflecting the geographical origin. In comparison, PCA carried out on 13C NMR spectra revealed clustering approximating the geographical origin. The application of supervised methods, namely partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) and artificial neural network (ANN), on 1H and 13C NMR spectra proved to be effective in discriminating Maltese and non-Maltese EVOO samples. The application of variable selection methods significantly increased the effectiveness of the different classification models. The application of 13C NMR was found to be more effective in the discrimination of Maltese EVOOs when compared to 1H NMR. Furthermore, results showed that different 1H NMR pulse methods can greatly affect the discrimination of EVOOs. In the case of 1H NMR, the Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOESY) pulse sequence was more informative when compared to the zg30 pulse sequence, since the latter required extensive spectral manipulation for the models to reach a satisfactory level of discrimination.

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Discrimination of Quality and Geographical Origin of Extra Virgin Olive Oil by S3 Device with Metal Oxides Gas Sensors

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2131061 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (13) ◽

pp. 1061 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Manohar P. Bhandari ◽

Estefanía Núñez Carmona ◽

Marco Abbatangelo ◽

Veronica Sberveglieri ◽

Giorgio Duina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metal Oxides ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Gas Sensors ◽

Geographical Origin ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Principal Component ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Virgin Olive Oils ◽

Sensor Device ◽

Semiconductor Gas Sensors

In the present work, a gas sensor device S3 based on an array of eight metal oxides semiconductor gas sensors has been demonstrated and applied to the discrimination of quality and geographical origins of the Italian extra virgin olive oils. Furthermore, the principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were carried out on the set of data acquired from the sensor array response to the extra virgin olive oil headspace. The preliminary results have shown a good capability of the instrument to distinguish different kind of extra virgin olive oil samples and thus evaluate their quality and origin.

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