Assessing the operational costs of routine immunization activities at the sub-center level in Myanmar: What matters for increasing national immunization coverage?

A container was developed for the transport and conservation of immunological products under low temperatures of between 2 and 8 º C, within a time span of 8 hours. The container is practical, simple and userfriendly, and can be used in places without electric power, and all these advantages are added of low operational costs. The container proposed aims at meeeting the demand of the Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI- the National Immunization Program), through Cold Chain, which sets the standards for all the procedures concerning conservation, handling, distribution and transport of the vaccine from the laboratory that produces it to the moment of inoculation.Innitially, the container was specifically developed for Vaccine for Inactive Influenza Virus against flu, which, according to a survey conducted with laboratories, is the most widely consumed, and whose conservation time span is also applicable to other immunobiologicals After the design and construction of the prototype, the container was exhaustively tested under different weather conditions. The results of the experiment are being exposed and discussed in this paper and the prototype lived up to the expectations of the reserachers in terms of the time spans and temperatures foreseen for the conservation of the vaccine selected.

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Vacuna BCG e indicadores de mortalidad y morbilidad por COVID-19 en países con curva epidémica consolidada.

Horizonte Sanitario ◽

10.19136/hs.a19n3.3881 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 415-426

Author(s):

Baldómero Sánchez Barragán ◽

María Isabel Avalos García ◽

Katia Alejandra Castillo Castillo ◽

Samantha López Romero ◽

Jennifer Sofía Sosa Marquina

Keyword(s):

Immunization Coverage ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

National Immunization ◽

Per Capita

Objetivo. -Determinar el impacto de coberturas de vacunación con bacilos Calmette-Guérin (BCG) en indicadores de mortalidad y morbilidad por COVID-19 en países con curva epidémica consolidada. Materiales y Métodos. Se trata de estudio de investigación documental, eligiéndose países con curva epidémica consolidada por COVID-19 actualizada al 1 de junio 2020 e información tomada de base de datos de vacunación 1980-2018 Estimates of National Immunization Coverage, ambas fuentes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) contrastando las coberturas y políticas de vacunación e ingreso per cápita con letalidad, mortalidad e incidencia en 45 países que cumplieron con los criterios aplicando medidas de impacto potencial: reducción de riesgo(RDR),muertes prevenibles en vacunados(MEV%),casos prevenibles en vacunados(CEV%) con intervalo de confianza para tasas con 99% de significancia. Resultados. Países con coberturas > 60% y política actual de vacunación universal en contraste con países con cero% coberturas, con reducción de indicadores de mortalidad y morbilidad: Letalidad 5.8-9.7%, mortalidad 8,883.8-937 por 106 (p<0.01) habitantes, incidencia 4,260-4,351.6 por 105 (p<0.01) habitantes; incremento de: MEV% 94.1-100%(p<0.01) y CEV% 97.5-99.9%(p<0.01).Finlandia, en 2005 detuvo la vacunación universal. Los mejores indicadores son para países con ingreso medio bajo e ingreso medio alto. Países con coberturas < 60% contra cero% coberturas(ambos grupos con altos ingresos) con reducción (excepto Letalidad): Letalidad-1.861 a -4.703 %(p>0.01), mortalidad 774.255-827.785 por 106 (p<0.01) habitantes, incidencia 4,193.133- 4,212.926 por 105 (p<0.01) habitantes, incremento de: MEV% 82.474-88.176%(p<0.01), CEV% 96.003-96.456%(p<0.01).Con mejores indicadores para países con coberturas cercanas al 60% con política de vacunación universal actual. Conclusiones. Coberturas de vacunación con BCG superior a 60%, mantenimiento de políticas de vacunación universal, se asocia con mayor reducción de indicadores de mortalidad, morbilidad por COVID-19 e incremento significativo de casos y muertes evitadas por vacunación de esta virosis. Palabras clave: Vacuna BCG; mortalidad; morbilidad; COVID-19.

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The problem of pertussis in some regions of the world

Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity ◽

10.15789/2220-7619-2019-2-354-362 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 354-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. A Basov ◽

O. V Tsvirkun ◽

A. G Gerasimova ◽

A. K Zekoreeva

Keyword(s):

Molecular Genetic ◽

Age Groups ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Cell Vaccine ◽

Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

Immunization Schedule ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Pertussis Infection ◽

Whole Cell ◽

National Immunization

Pertussis infection remains a high-priority issue both for Russian health care and abroad. A rise of pertussis incidence in various human age groups instigates a search for new ways to fight this infection and improve methods for its laboratory diagnostics. By taking into consideration a short-term effect induced by acellular and whole-cell vaccines, a feasibility of introducing the second or even the third pertussis revaccination is vigorously debated. Objective of the study was to analyze the experience and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccines in countries, which use the second and third pertussis revaccination in the National Immunization Schedule in order to have an insight into adjusting strategy and tactics of pertussis immunization In Russia. Analyzing pertussis prevalence demonstrated that despite a wide immunization coverage pertussis incidence in the last years (2008–2015) was increased in a large number of countries in the European region, as well as inAustralia,CanadaandUSA. However, the reasons for elevated pertussis incidence have not been clarified yet. On one hand, it may be accounted for by low vaccination coverage in adolescents and adults; weakened immune protection after vaccination; genetic changes in Bordetella pertussis; shortened durability of protective immunity in children vaccinated with acellular vs. whole-cell vaccine; improved monitoring and morbidity reporting, as well as improved laboratory diagnostics due to shifting from serological and bacteriological to molecular genetic assays. In an attempt to solve this issue, researchers from several countries collaborate to discuss and develop a strategy to reduce pertussis incidence. ForRussia, the most important is to empower and/or improve existing infant immunization strategy in order to provide wide coverage with the four dose pertussis vaccine for decreasing the risk of pertussis morbidity and mortality. It is worth noting the “cocoon” strategy given the high risk of pertussis infection in children of the first months of life. We believe that forRussiait is worth investigating an opportunity of using children 2–3 months of life an acellular vaccine as the first vaccination, which is expected to increase the coverage of this cohort and allow to increase proportion of children who might complete vaccination by 5 months of age. At the same time, more reasonable might be to preserve a number of age groups for pertussis vaccination in the current National Immunization Schedule, as expanding age limits for vaccination might put a risk at increasing pertussis morbidity in older individuals, which could be hard to diagnose.

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National Immunization Coverage Survey Saudi Arabia, 1991

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics ◽

10.1093/tropej/41.supplement_1.59 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 59-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamed Kamel Farag ◽

Yagob Y. Al-Mazrou ◽

Mohamed Al-Jefry ◽

Sulieman N. Al-Shehri ◽

Mohamed H. Baldo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

National Immunization

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Readiness assessment in the transition to an entirely digital immunization registry in Ha Noi and Son La provinces, Vietnam (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.28096 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thi Hong Duong ◽

Nga Nguyen ◽

Sang Dao ◽

Huyen Dang ◽

Linh Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

National Level ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

End Users ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Middle Income ◽

Skill Sets ◽

National Immunization ◽

Low Middle Income Countries ◽

Immunization Information System

BACKGROUND Vietnam is one of the first low-middle-income countries to develop and implement a national-scale EIR. This system was finalized into the national immunization information system (NIIS), and scaled-up to a national level system in 2017. As a result, immunization coverage and timeliness of vaccinations has drastically improved. The time spent on planning and reporting vaccinations has drastically reduced, and as a result is more accurate and effective. However, to date, end-users have been tasked with managing both NIIS and paper-based systems in parallel until a formal assessment on the readiness to fully transition to NIIS was conducted. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the readiness to move entirely to a digital national immunization information system (NIIS), in two provinces in Vietnam, Ha Noi and Son La. METHODS All health facilities were surveyed to assess their infrastructure, capacity and need of human resources. NIIS end-users were observed and interviewed to evaluate their NIIS knowledge and skill-sets. Data from immunization cards and facility paper-based log-books were compared to data in NIIS, and vaccine stocks at selected facilities were tallied and compared with data in the NIIS. RESULTS Of the 990 health facilities evaluated, most used NIIS to enter and track immunizations (99.7%) and vaccine stocks (90.8%). Majority had stable electricity (98.1%), had at least one computer (99.6%) and had two trained NIIS end-users or more (83.3%). End-users reported that the NIIS supported them in managing and reporting immunization data and saving them time (90%). Although many end-users were able to perform basic skills, almost half struggled with more complex tasks. Immunization data is compiled from the NIIS and immunization cards (89%) and paper-based log-books (91%). However, only 54% of immunization IDs matched, 56.5% of BCG vaccinations were accurate, and 70% of the facilities had consistent physical vaccine stock balances. Feedback received from NIIS end-users suggests that more supportive supervision, frequent refresher trainings to strengthen their skill-sets, and detailed standardized guides to improve data quality are needed. CONCLUSIONS The readiness to transition to a digital system was promising. However, additional resources are required to address timeliness, completeness, and accuracy of the data.

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Grounding evaluation design in the socio-ecological model of health: a logic framework for the assessment of a national routine immunization communication initiative in Kyrgyzstan

Global Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/1757975920914550 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 59-68

Author(s):

Renata Schiavo ◽

Upal Basu Roy ◽

Latisha Faroul ◽

Galina Solodunova

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

International Development ◽

Media Coverage ◽

Ecological Model ◽

Public Health Intervention ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Evaluation Framework ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Immunization Rates

Childhood routine immunization (RI) is a highly effective public health intervention for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite high immunization rates, a 2018 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) study by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) noted a growing practice of vaccine refusal among parents and primary caregivers as well as clusters of significantly lower immunization coverage in some provinces. Moreover, a 2018 Joint Appraisal report by GAVI (Global Vaccine Alliance) has highlighted a decrease in immunization rates among children under 1 year of age from 96.1% to 92% for some vaccines. As a result, UNICEF is spearheading a national communication initiative to increase the rates of RI in Kyrgyzstan. This initiative includes strengthening interpersonal communication skills of local healthcare workers, improving the quality and accuracy of media coverage via a tailored outreach to the Kyrgyz media, as well as fostering community engagement to give voice to local champions and engage hesitant parents and vaccine refuters. UNICEF has also partnered with a research team for the design phase of a suitable evaluation framework. Grounded in the socio-ecological model (SEM) of health, the framework recognizes the interconnection of behavioral, social, and policy change, and includes not only activity-specific indicators (process indicators) but also progress, outcome, and impact indicators to document results among key groups and stakeholders at different levels of the SEM, and, ultimately, on immunization rates in Kyrgyzstan. The framework reflects the importance of an integrated and multilevel approach to intervention and communication design, and integrates the SEM with a logic model that connects different components of the initiative. This paper introduces this evaluation framework, including implications for the evaluation of child health programs, and other public health, communication, and international development interventions.

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