Factors Related to Completeness of Basic Immunization During the Covid-19 Pandemic at PMB I.S Kebon Jeruk West Jakarta 2021

Diseases caused by infections are still a health problem in developing countries, including Indonesia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018, an estimated 19.9 million babies worldwide were not reached by routine immunization services. Around 60% of these children living in 10 countries including Indonesia are not immunized. One of the international commitments to improve the health status of children is the UCI (Universal Child Immunization) program, which is a state of achieving complete basic immunization for infants. Immunization. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design, using primary data with a sample of 108 mothers and infants and data analysis using chi-square. There was a significant relationship between nutritional status (p value = 0.040), baby's medical history (p value = 0.040), mother's knowledge (p value = 0.001), distance from home (p value = 0.044), health insurance (p value = 0.040) In conclusion, there is a significant relationship with all the variables studied, suggestions for mothers who have babies should immunize their children on time, considering that immunization is very important to equip their children with health in the future

Clients' Satisfaction with Immunization Services at Primary Health Care Centers in Baghdad, Al-Karkh

Background: Client satisfaction with the immunization service is used to evaluate the quality of the admitted service and at the same time it affects the goodness of the health care outcome. Objectives: This study assessed the satisfaction with immunization services offered to children and factors affecting this satisfaction. Methods: Exit interviews for clients were conducted in Baghdad, Al-Karkh in a representative sample of primary health care centers to assess clients’ satisfaction with immunization services. Clients are companions of children encountered at study settings. Results: Among the 253 respondent clients, 183 (72.3%) reflected satisfaction with the immunization services administered to their children at primary health care centers and 70 (27.7%) were dissatisfied. This satisfaction was significantly associated with younger age of clients (P < 0.05), clients who are mothers of the accompanied children (P < 0.05), and waiting no more than 30 minutes at the health facility to obtain immunization (P < 0.05). The major cause of dissatisfaction was the long waiting time before receiving the service. Conclusion: Although the majority of clients are satisfied with immunization services; it is important to shorten the time consumed for vaccinating children at PHCCs in a way that gains more satisfied clients.

Influence of Community-Based Interventions on Routine Immunization Uptake among Children Under Five Years in Ntungamo District-Uganda

Evidence of the effectiveness of community-based interventions in improving immunization coverage in populations of low coverage is limited. Vaccine-preventable diseases is a major public health challenge in low-income countries where Uganda lies, and immunization is the only reliable strategy for child survival. The study's objective was to assess the influence of a community-based intervention on the uptake of immunization services to recommend strategies to health stakeholders to improve immunization coverage. A quasi-experimental study was conducted in three phases. Structured and key informant interviews were used as data collection tools. Phase one provided baseline data before the intervention, the second phase was a community-based intervention, and the third phase was post-intervention evaluation. There was no significant difference on the uptake of BCG, POLIO-0, POLIO-1, POLIO-2, DPTHeP-Hib1, DPTHeP-Hib2, PCV1 and PCV2 immunizations between the intervention and control group post-intervention (P= 1.00, α =0.5). The level of knowledge on immunization was 68.8% and 29.6% in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The difference between the two was statistically significant (P=0.00 = α= 0.5). There was a significant association between the level of knowledge of the caregivers on immunization and the uptake of immunization services (P=0.00, α=0.5). There was also a statistically significant difference in immunization coverage between the intervention and control groups (97.5%) and (75.1%) for the intervention and control groups, respectively. The difference was statistically associated with the community-based intervention (P =0.00, α=0.5). Community-based interventions influenced the uptake of routine immunization services.

Factors Associated with Uptake of Immunizations for Vaccine-Preventable Childhood Diseases in a Peri-Urban Settlement; A Case Study of Nansana Municipality, Uganda

Immunization uptake for childhood vaccine-preventable diseases remains low in urban areas of Uganda, leading to repeated outbreaks of diseases like measles, despite easy communication and accessibility to services. The objectives of this study were to establish immunization coverage and to identify the factors that affect the uptake of immunization among the children aged 10 – 23 months in Nansana Municipality, Wakiso District, Uganda. This was a cross-sectional mixed methods study, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Assessment of immunization uptake was carried out on 344 parents/guardians of children aged 10–23 months, using simple random sampling on pre-tested structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. Additionally, 2 focus group discussions with parents and key informant interviews with immunization focal persons were also conducted. Immunization coverage was found to be 90.4% for BCG, 89.3% for Penta1, 80.7% for Penta2, 72.5% for Penta3 and 73.9% for measles1. Availability of vaccines (AOR= 33, 95% CI, 1.44 – 792, p=0.03), accessibility to immunization services (AOR = 32, 95% CI, 2.0 – 513, p=0.01) and communication between the parents and health workers about the return dates (AOR = 0.03, 95% CI, 0.01 – 0.83, p=0.03), were the factors that were independently associated with immunization uptake. The coverage rates were higher than the national average, with the health care service-related factors identified as being critical for improving immunization uptake. There is a need for improved vaccine supply and communication about immunization services, which should be designed considering the local context in collaboration with slum-dwelling communities.

PENYULUHAN IMUNISASI DASAR ANAK PADA MASA ADAPTASI KEBIASAAN BARU

<p><em>The government has designated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a non-natural disaster in the form of an outbreak/pandemic, this determination is followed by efforts to prevent the spread of the corona virus through social restrictions, including restrictions on crowds, travel restrictions, implementation of isolation, delays and cancellations. events, as well as the closure of facilities and public service arrangements. This condition also affects the schedule and procedures for immunization services both at posyandu, puskesmas and other health facilities, including private ones). Nationally, Regency/City Immunization Coverage which reaches 80% of complete basic immunization is 37.2% of the target of 79.3% or the percentage of performance achievement is 46.9%. Universal Child Immunization (UCI) Villages are villages where 80% of the total number of infants in the village have received complete basic immunization within one year. The coverage of UCI Villages/Urbans in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province in 2020 is 99.3%, a decrease from 2019 which reached 100%. Through this health education activity, it is expected to increase public knowledge about basic immunization for children during the adaptation period of new habits at the Posyandu, Kekeran Village, Busungbiu District, Buleleng Regency, Bali with various efforts in joint activities with all parties.</em><em></em></p>

Covid-19 and Routine Vaccination Programme: Did it Affect Badly?

Background: The impact of COVID-19 on general health care delivery systems has been huge including the immunization services. Several measures were taken by most of the government all over the world to prevent the spread of infection such as lockdown, wearing masks, social distancing, etc. People have suffered a lot during the pandemic, not only due to the burden of the disease but have also faced difficulties in other domains of life. One of the important concerns is the interruption of routine immunization services. The consequences of interrupted immunization services may be life-threatening, as chances of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) in susceptible children could be high. Aim: To find out delay in routine immunization services during covid-19 and also to determine the factors associated with delay in immunization. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional hospital-based observational study at Career Institute Of Medical Sciences And Hospital, Lucknow, India. We collected the vaccination record after lockdown from Well-Baby Clinic and telephonically from the parents, starting from 1st June 2020 till 31st December 2020. We checked the records of vaccination of infants to find out delay in the vaccinations, as per the National Immunization Schedule. The records of a total of 265 infants were enrolled. Out of which, 33 did not fit the inclusion criteria and therefore were excluded from this study. Results: Findings of our study pointed that there was significant delay in routine immunization among infants. The factors responsible for delay in different vaccination observed in this study were, Phobia of COVID-19- 20%, lockdown- 22%, interruption of routine health services-15%, social myths-8%, poor transport facility- 10%, illness of child- 8%, did not notice- 3% and multiple factors- 13%. Conclusion: COVID -19 pandemic has affected the routine immunization services that results in delay of different vaccines at different ages which may lead to outbreak of vaccine preventable diseases, so it is need of the hour to intervene at the earliest to prevent such outbreaks among children.

Qualitative Analysis of Immunization Services During Covid-19 at Puskesmas Krembangan Selatan Surabaya

Complete basic immunization coverage in Surabaya and Puskesmas Krembangan Selatan is always above 85%, however, during COVID-19, implementation of immunization at Puskesmas Krembangan Selatan has decreased. This research aims to analyze the description of the implementation of immunization during COVID-19 at Puskesmas Krembangan Selatan. This research was conducted at Puskesmas Krembangan Selatan Surabaya, from January 18 to February 26, 2021. This research was conducted using an online system, with stages coordination and interview with institution supervisor and midwife and documentation study. This research uses primary data. The results of primary data showed that during COVID-19, immunization services continued. Although there are some services that cannot be carried out. Even though there were obstacles, services are still carried out with the implementation of strict health protocols. The conclusion, during COVID-19, immunization services at the Puskesmas Krembangan Selatan were running according to health protocols, but the coverage of most immunizations had not yet reached the predetermined target because people were worried about visiting health services.

Feasibility of using infant testing during immunization to estimate HIV mother-to-child-transmission rates in Zambia

Background This study piloted the feasibility of infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV exposed infants at national and subnational levels in Zambia. Methods The study recruited a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of 8042 caregiver-baby pairs in 38 high volume immunization sites in 7 towns across 3 provinces of Zambia. All mothers who brought their children below the age of one year for immunization at the study facilities were invited to participate in the study. All consenting mothers were interviewed and blood drawn from their babies for; rapid HIV antibody test to determine exposure and DNA PCR test for samples of all HIV-exposed babies to determine HIV infection. Results Of 8042 recruited caregiver–baby pairs, 1409 (17.5%) babies were HIV-exposed. Approximately 90.2% of all mothers of HIV exposed infants reported that they attended ANC visits more than two times and facility based deliveries stood at 91.6%. Exclusive breastfeeding among HIV exposed infants reduced with increase in age of infant; it was highest at 6 weeks (82.2%) followed by 10 weeks (74.0%) and 14 weeks (58.2%). MTCT rates were relatively lower than what was reported before in subnational studies and stood at 4.7% among Penta 1 seekers, 2.8% among Penta 2 seekers, 2.1% among Penta 3 seekers and 5.0% among Measles vaccination seekers. The overall MTCT rate stood at 3.8%. About 48.1% of HIV positive babies were male compared to 51.9% females. Babies of mothers below the age of 25 years accounted for almost half (51.9%) of all HIV infected babies in the study. Reported exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive babies was 77.8% for Penta 1 seekers, 75.0% for Penta 2 seekers and 100% for Penta 3 seekers. Conclusions The study succeeded in estimating the MTCT rates using infant testing in immunization services, thereby demonstrating that it is feasible to use routine infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV-exposed infants in countries with high HIV burden and immunization coverage.

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF MOTHERS TOWARDS MEASLES AND MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA (MMR) VACCINE IN IDI- ABA COMMUNITY ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA

Measles has remained endemic in some part of the world where the vaccine is not easily accessible. Although vaccine is available in some parts of the world, with routine immunization services and campaigns, many children are yet to be vaccinated. Hence, this study assessed the knowledge and attitude towards measles and Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine (MMR) among mothers in Idi-aba community. This was a descriptive research design using multistage sampling technique to choose participants for the study. A self-constructed questionnaire was used to collect information from participants. After the distribution and collection of the questionnaires, data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that 93.2% (386) and 65.9% (273) participants indicated that they knew what measles and MMR vaccines are respectively. However, overall analysis revealed that only 165 (39%) participants had high knowledge of measles and MMR vaccine while 303 (74%) had good attitude towards measles and MMR vaccine. This study showed that there are some knowledge gaps. Factors significantly associated with high percentage of mothers having good attitude are occupation (????2=20, P=0.000), income (????2=5.9, P=0.009) and parity (????2=23, P=0.000). In conclusion, this result implies that in order to sustain the good attitude displayed by the mothers, there is need for strategic intensive health educational programs for the mothers of the community.