Cost-minimization and opportunity cost analysis of fully-liquid hexavalent and meningococcal vaccines in Spain

Vacunas ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Cuesta ◽  
David Carcedo ◽  
María José Menor ◽  
Georgina Drago ◽  
Escolano Manuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Meningococcal Vaccines

scholarly journals PIN41 Cost Minimization and Opportunity Cost Analysis of FULLY-Liquid Vaccines Versus NON-FULLY Liquid Vaccines That Need Reconstitution, for Hexavalent and Menawyc Vaccines in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. S551
Author(s):  
I. Cuesta ◽  
D. Carcedo ◽  
M.J. Del Mar Menor ◽  
G. Drago Manchón ◽  
M. Escolano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization

scholarly journals ANALISIS DIFFERENTIAL COST DAN OPPORTUNITY COST DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN MEMBELI ATAU MEMPRODUKSI SENDIRI PADA INDUSTRI RUMAH PANGGUNG WOLOAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romeo Fersi Mongdong ◽  
Jenny Morasa ◽  
Heince Wokas
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quantitative Result ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Business World ◽  
Differential Costs ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

The business world today is characterized by increasing competition among existing companies. Competition occurs in all sectors of the economy both industry, trade, and services. One of the decisions that must be taken in planning at every alternative is to buy or produce itself a component of raw materials. Differential cost are related to the opportunity cost, which is the differential cost incurred costs as a result of certain decisions while the opportunity cost is the cost incurred when choosing a decision. The purpose of this study to analyze the differential costs and opportunity costs in the decision to buy or produce their own on Industri Rumah Panggung Woloan. The analytical method used is descreptive quantitative. Result of the differential cost analysis showed that the right decisions can be taken by the management company the manufactures its own because getting a hihgter differential gain, compared to buying from outside. While the opportunity cost of the buying raw materials from outside is more profitable, thus producing itself becomes more expensive. Should the leadership Industri Rumah Panggung Woloan produce their own wood from the outside becauseit would be more adventageous, compared to taking wood there are kept alone.

Paying the Price: Understanding the Opportunity Cost of Dedicated Research Time during Surgical Training

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 1723-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Dewane ◽  
Daniel C. Thomas ◽  
Walter E. Longo ◽  
Peter S. Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Surgical Training ◽  
General Surgery ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Academic Hospital ◽  
Surgical Residency ◽  
General Surgery Residency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Financial Implication

The pursuit of dedicated research time during surgical residency prolongs training and delays entry into practice. Currently, there is a lack of research quantifying the financial implication of this delay and trainees’ understanding of its impact on career earnings. An opportunity cost analysis was performed regarding the impact of delay due to training within general surgery and selected subspecialties. An anonymous survey was distributed to general surgery categorical junior trainees in 2017 at a large academic hospital in the Northeast to determine understanding and beliefs regarding dedicated training on career earnings. For all specialties analyzed, dedicated research time was shown to negatively affect career earnings. The net cost was highest among those intending to pursue cardiothoracic surgery and lowest for those intending to pursue surgical oncology. A total of 26 of 35 (74%) present research residents and clinical residents intending to perform dedicated research time responded to an anonymous survey. On average, survey respondents underestimated the impact of dedicated research time on career earnings by $1.4 million. Dedicated research time during general surgery residency carries a substantial opportunity cost to overall career earnings. General surgery residents lack understanding of both the direction and the magnitude of this opportunity cost.

Cost Analysis Comparing Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) and Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) Scanning for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 567-567
Author(s):  
Alastair Dorreen ◽  
Chris Skedgel ◽  
Marc A. Rodger ◽  
Susan R. Kahn ◽  
Michael J. Kovacs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Pulmonary Emboli ◽  
Cost Minimization Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Abstract 567 Background: Accurate diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism remains problematic due to the nonspecific findings of the clinical presentation and the limitations of radiographic imaging. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has surpassed ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning as the primary imaging modality in the investigation of patients with suspected pulmonary emboli due to its superior diagnostic accuracy. Data from a large randomized controlled trial has indicated that while strategies using both CTPA and V/Q are equally safe at excluding the diagnosis, CTPA detects significantly more pulmonary emboli (1). The purpose of this study was to perform a cost analysis comparing CTPA and V/Q scanning for the investigation of patients with suspected pulmonary emboli based upon this large trial. Methods: A cost analysis was performed using a decision-analysis model. The costs and outcomes of CTPA and V/Q scanning in detecting or ruling out pulmonary embolism over a 90 day analysis horizon were incorporated into a decision tree where the probabilities for each outcome were taken from (1) and a systematic literature review. The decision tree incorporated the thromboembolic and major bleeding complications associated with the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism in 100,000 patients. Outcomes in the model were measured in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The economic model took a direct-payer perspective, considering direct costs to the health care system and patients. All costs were based on 2009 Canadian dollars. The primary economic evaluation was conducted within a deterministic cost-effectiveness analysis framework in terms of incremental cost per QALY. If the clinical benefits were found to be statistically insignificant the primary evaluation would be collapsed to a cost-minimization analysis and a secondary analysis would be performed to using probabilistic methods to estimate the expected incremental costs and outcomes based upon probability distributions around mean point estimates. Sensitivity analyses around key parameters were also performed. Results: The primary deterministic analysis collapsed to a cost-minimization analysis on the grounds that no statistically differences in the proportion of false negative results or mortality were observed in the randomized trial comparing CTPA with VQ scanning for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (1). The cost minimization analysis demonstrated a strategy using V/Q scanning as the primary imaging modality was less costly. CTPA was associated with an incremental cost of $11.3 million per 100,000 patients compared to V/Q scanning. CTPA was associated with an additional 3760 additional diagnoses of pulmonary embolism and 111 major bleeding episodes compared to V/Q scanning. The secondary probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that CTPA was associated with an incremental cost of $4.8 million per 100,000-person cohort and 3134 QALYs gained relative to V/Q scanning for a cost-effectiveness of $1543 per QALY gained. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve demonstrated CTPA had an 89% likelihood of being cost-effective relative to the threshold of $50,000 per QALY gained. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated cost-effectiveness ratio was most impacted by varying prevalence of pulmonary embolism and the relative and absolute differences in the proportions of fatal pulmonary embolism from falsely negative scans between the two tests. Conclusions: The results of the cost-minimization analysis imply that V/Q scanning is a less costly alternative to CTPA resulting from less pulmonary emboli diagnosed while maintaining similar 3-month rate of thromboembolic complications relative to CTPA. Secondary analysis, however, concluded that diagnostic algorithms incorporating CTPA may be cost-effective under defined circumstances. (1) Anderson et al. JAMA 2007; 298:2743-2753 Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Opportunity Cost Analysis for Dynamic Wavelength Routed Mesh Networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-759
Author(s):  
Xiaolan Joy Zhang ◽  
Sun-il Kim ◽  
Steven S. Lumetta
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Mesh Networks

Joint Market of Energy and Reserves Requirements considering Lost Opportunity Cost

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshid Aghaei ◽  
Shahram Jadid ◽  
Heidarali Shayanfar ◽  
Ghasem Derakhshan
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Test System ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Reserve Requirements ◽  
Social Welfare Maximization ◽  
Market Clearing Price ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
Lost Opportunity

A detailed Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) formulation for the provision of ancillary services - AGC, spinning, non-spinning and operating reserves- as well as energy in simultaneous auctions by integrated market systems are presented. The paper provides clear definitions of lost opportunity cost for ancillary services in terms of the market clearing price (MCP) and evaluates the conditions under which opportunity costs are incurred to units that provide reserve requirements. It is particularly shown that the inclusion of these units' Lost Opportunity Cost (LOC) in the optimization objective function (offered cost minimization or augmented social welfare maximization) improves market efficiency and provides valuable economic insights. The model has been applied to the hypothetical 15-machine system with constant loads and IEEE 30-bus test system with varying loads and detailed simulation studies have been carried out to examine the performance of the proposed scheme.

Elective colectomy financial and opportunity cost analysis: diagnosis, case type, diversion, and complications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Antonacci ◽  
Christopher L. Antonacci ◽  
Katherine Carsky ◽  
Samuel P. Dechario ◽  
Gregg Husk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Case Type ◽  
Elective Colectomy

scholarly journals Cost minimization analysis of generic and innovator formulations of antihypertensive drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2625
Author(s):  
Vishalkumar K. Vadgama ◽  
Vishal L. Gaekwad
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Medication Cost ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Channel Blockers ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Background: Hypertension, a chronic condition requiring lifelong care, affects approximately 25.3% Indian population. Average annual hypertension management cost which also includes medication cost varies from Rs. 4042 to 7621, amounting up to 40% of total household income of few families. Selection of a different brand or generic formulation may have an immense impact on total expenditure for treatment of hypertension. Present study aims at determining cost variability and cost analysis of various single drug antihypertensive formulations available in Indian market.Methods: One most prescribed drug, each from Joint National Committee recommended antihypertensive- thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers and β blockers were selected for cost analysis. Cheapest, costliest and median priced formulations were searched for individual drugs and were compared to the price of their generic counterparts.Results: Generic formulations of hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, enalapril, losartan and atenolol were cheaper even than their respective cheapest innovator formulations. Costliest innovator formulation of amlodipine was 1750% expensive than generic one. Costliest counterparts of generic formulations were many folds overpriced. Similarly, innovator formulation of losartan was up to 953.89% costly than generic one. Innovator formulations of hydrochlorothiazide were the least costly than its generic counterpart, yet being at least 150% more expensive. Also, there exists considerable broad range of price among similar innovator formulations.Conclusions: By prescribing generic antihypertensive drug, we can reduce treatment expenditure by many folds. Same feat can be marginally achieved by using lower cost innovator formulations.

Study on Cost Minimization of Auto Engine Product Warranty Chain

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 2855-2860
Author(s):  
Qiu Xie ◽  
Zi Xian Liu ◽  
Er Shi Qui
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Reverse Supply Chain ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Warranty Cost ◽  
Product Warranty ◽  
Definition Of

Aiming at how to optimize auto engine warranty cost, some hot issues such as what kind of factors auto engine warranty cost includes was studied deeply from the standpoint of reverse supply chain in this paper. First, the definition of auto engine warranty supply chain (AEWSC) was explained; then, under two-dimensional renewable free warranty policy, the components of AEWSC cost were analyzed for repairable engines. AEWSC cost covers not only traditional product warranty cost, but also potential cost resulting from re-failed engines; thirdly, an AEWSC Cost model was built based on cost analysis; finally, numeral analysis was developed through using the proposed cost model. The analysis results help engine manufacturer reduce AEWSC cost.

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