Enabling Cross-technology Communication from LoRa to ZigBee via Payload Encoding in Sub-1 GHz Bands

Low-power wireless mesh networks (LPWMNs) have been widely used in wireless monitoring and control applications. Although LPWMNs work satisfactorily most of the time thanks to decades of research, they are often complex, inelastic to change, and difficult to manage once the networks are deployed. Moreover, the deliveries of control commands, especially those carrying urgent information such as emergency alarms, suffer long delay, since the messages must go through the hop-by-hop transport. Recent studies show that adding low-power wide-area network radios such as LoRa onto the LPWMN devices (e.g., ZigBee) effectively overcomes the limitation. However, users have shown a marked reluctance to embrace the new heterogeneous communication approach because of the cost of hardware modification. In this article, we introduce LoRaBee, a novel LoRa to ZigBee cross-technology communication (CTC) approach, which leverages the energy emission in the Sub-1 GHz bands as the carrier to deliver information. Although LoRa and ZigBee adopt distinct modulation techniques, LoRaBee sends information from LoRa to ZigBee by putting specific bytes in the payload of legitimate LoRa packets. The bytes are selected such that the corresponding LoRa chirps can be recognized by the ZigBee devices through sampling the received signal strength. Experimental results show that our LoRaBee provides reliable CTC communication from LoRa to ZigBee with the throughput of up to 281.61 bps in the Sub-1 GHz bands.

Reliable Fault Tolerant-Based Multipath Routing Model for Industrial Wireless Control Systems

Communication in industrial wireless networks necessitates reliability and precision. Besides, the existence of interference or traffic in the network must not affect the estimated network properties. Therefore, data packets have to be sent within a certain time frame and over a reliable connection. However, the working scenarios and the characteristics of the network itself make it vulnerable to node or link faults, which impact the transmission reliability and overall performance. This article aims to introduce a developed multipath routing model, which leads to cost-effective planning, low latency and high reliability of industrial wireless mesh networks, such as the WirelessHART networks. The multipath routing model has three primary paths, and each path has a backup node. The backup node stores the data transmitted by the parent node to grant communication continuity when primary nodes fail. The multipath routing model is developed based on optimal network planning and deployment algorithm. Simulations were conducted on a WirelessHART simulator using Network Simulator (NS2). The performance of the developed model is compared with the state-of-the-art. The obtained results reveal a significant reduction in the average network latency, low power consumption, better improvement in expected network lifetime, and enhanced packet delivery ratio which improve network reliability.

Orthognal Zones for Interference Migration in 2.4 GHz Mesh Backhaul

Managing interference in the multi-radio networks is critical challenge; problem becomes even more serious in 2.4 GHz band due to minimal availability of orthogonal channels. This work attempts to propose a channel assignment scheme for interference zones of 2.4 GHz backhaul of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN). The static nodes of Infrastructure based Backhaul employing directional antennas to connect static nodes, orthogonal channel zones introducing Interference are formatted with the selection of single tire direct hop and two tier directional hopes. The effort maintain the orthogonality of channels on system thus reduce the co-channel interference between inter flow and intra flow links. Group of non-overlapping channels of selected band are obtained by a mathematical procedure, interference is modeled by directed graph and Channel assignment is carried out with the help of greedy algorithms. Experimental analysis of the technical proposal is done by simulation through OPNET 14. Our framework can act as an imperative way to enhance the network performance resulting a leading improvement in system throughput and reduction in system delay

Untraceable Authentication Protocol for IEEE802.11s Standard

In the current paper, a new handover authentication protocol for IEEE802.11s Wireless mesh networks is presented. The new protocol divides the network into a number of cells, each cell contains a number of access points and based on the concept of ticket authentication, the mesh user takes a new ticket when enters the region of a new cell which decreases the handover latency. Moreover, in the current paper, a new idea for ticket generation is proposed, called Chain Ticket Derivation Function (CTDF), which uses the concept of a chain. Using CTDF in our proposed protocol raises the level of privacy for the users. The security analysis presented in the paper showed more strengths in our proposed scheme. Two formal verification tools, AVISPA and BAN logic are used to test the proposed protocol.

Evaluation Method of Mesh Protocol over ESP32 and ESP8266

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the newest matters in both industry and academia of the communication engineering world. On the other hand, wireless mesh networks, a network topology that has been debate for decades that haven’t been put into use in great scale, can make a transformation when it arises to the network in the IoT world nowadays. A Mesh IoT network is a local network architecture in which linked devices cooperate and route data using a specified protocol. Typically, IoT devices exchange sensor data by connecting to an IoT gateway. However, there are certain limitations if it involves to large number of sensors and the data that should be received is difficult to analyze. The aim of the work here is to implement a self-configuring mesh network in IoT sensor devices for better independent data collection quality. The research conducted in this paper is to build a mesh network using NodeMCU ESP 8266 and NodeMCU ESP 32 with two types of sensor, DHT 11 and DHT 22. Hence, the work here has evaluated on the delay performance metric in Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (nLos) situation based on different network connectivity. The results give shorter delay time in LoS condition for all connected nodes as well as when any node fail to function in the mesh network compared to nLoS condition. The paper demonstrates that the IoT sensor devices composing the mesh network is a must to leverage the link communication performance for data collection in order to be used in IoT-based application such as fertigation system. It will certainly make a difference in the industry once being deployed on large scale in the IoT world and make the IoT more accessible to a wider audience.

Researching, building the routing algorithm in Zigbee networks

Zigbee wireless network built on IEEE 802.15.4 standard is becoming one of the most popular wireless networks in modern IoT devices. One of the disadvantages of Zigbee networks is the short transmission distance between devices. This paper focuses on researching and comparing routing algorithms in Zigbee networks, thereby building the optimal routing algorithm in the existing system. The paper’s objective is to form the basis for making Zigbee tree and mesh networks, which improves the transmission distance for Zigbee networks better than the star network.