Provenance and Deposition of Glacial Lake Missoula Lacustrine and Flood Sediments Determined from Rock Magnetic Properties

AbstractRepeated outburst flooding from glacial Lake Missoula, Montana, affected large areas of Washington during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 (29–14 ka). We present the first high-resolution rock magnetic results from two sites that are critical to interpreting these outburst floods and that provide evidence of sediment provenance: glacial Lake Missoula, the source of the floods; and glacial Lake Columbia, where floodwaters interrupted sedimentation. Magnetic carriers in glacial Lake Missoula varves are dominated by hematite, whereas those in outburst flood sediments and glacial Lake Columbia sediments are mainly magnetite and titano-magnetite. Stratigraphic variation of magnetic parameters is consistent with changes in lithology. Importantly, magnetic properties highlight depositional processes in the flood sediments that are not evident in the field. In glacial Lake Columbia, hematite is present in fine silt and clay deposited near the end of each flood as fine sediment settled out of the water column. This signal is only present at the end of the floods because the hematite is concentrated in the finer-grained sediment transported from the floor of glacial Lake Missoula, the only possible source of hematite, ~ 240 km away.

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Professor Mathews, outburst floods, and other glaciological disasters

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e86-088 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 859-868 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Garry K. C. Clarke

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Physical Model ◽

Mining Operation ◽

Glacial Lake ◽

Outburst Flood ◽

Transportation Corridor ◽

Outburst Floods ◽

Flood Magnitude ◽

Unusual Problem

Misfortunes befalling the Granduc mining operation near Stewart, British Columbia, stimulated Professor Mathews' influential scientific contributions on subglacial hydrology. A series of violent floods from glacier-dammed Summit Lake menaced the transportation corridor between the Granduc ore concentrator and a tidewater dock at Hyder, Alaska. This unusual problem motivated the research of Mathews and later of Gilbert, who together laid the foundation for a greater understanding of the physics of outburst floods. The physical model that evolved from their research can be used to predict outburst flood magnitude and to cast light on the hydrology of ancient floods such as those from glacial Lake Missoula.

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Glacial lake outburst floods as drivers of fluvial erosion in the Himalaya

Science ◽

10.1126/science.aat4981 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 362 (6410) ◽

pp. 53-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Kristen L. Cook ◽

Christoff Andermann ◽

Florent Gimbert ◽

Basanta Raj Adhikari ◽

Niels Hovius

Keyword(s):

Glacial Lake ◽

Outburst Flood ◽

Fluvial Erosion ◽

Outburst Floods ◽

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽

Seismic Records ◽

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood ◽

The Himalaya ◽

Annual Summer

Himalayan rivers are frequently hit by catastrophic floods that are caused by the failure of glacial lake and landslide dams; however, the dynamics and long-term impacts of such floods remain poorly understood. We present a comprehensive set of observations that capture the July 2016 glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in the Bhotekoshi/Sunkoshi River of Nepal. Seismic records of the flood provide new insights into GLOF mechanics and their ability to mobilize large boulders that otherwise prevent channel erosion. Because of this boulder mobilization, GLOF impacts far exceed those of the annual summer monsoon, and GLOFs may dominate fluvial erosion and channel-hillslope coupling many tens of kilometers downstream of glaciated areas. Long-term valley evolution in these regions may therefore be driven by GLOF frequency and magnitude, rather than by precipitation.

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Reason Analysis of the Jiwenco Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) and Potential Hazard on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13163114 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 3114

Author(s):

Shijin Wang ◽

Yuande Yang ◽

Wenyu Gong ◽

Yanjun Che ◽

Xinggang Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tibetan Plateau ◽

Image Data ◽

Heavy Precipitation ◽

Glacial Lake ◽

Precipitation Process ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Outburst Flood ◽

Outburst Floods ◽

Before And After ◽

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is one of the major natural disasters in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). On 25 June 2020, the outburst of the Jiwenco Glacial Lake (JGL) in the upper reaches of Nidu river in Jiari County of the QTP reached the downstream Niwu Township on 26 June, causing damage to many bridges, roads, houses, and other infrastructure, and disrupting telecommunications for several days. Based on radar and optical image data, the evolution of the JGL before and after the outburst was analyzed. The results showed that the area and storage capacity of the JGL were 0.58 square kilometers and 0.071 cubic kilometers, respectively, before the outburst (29 May), and only 0.26 square kilometers and 0.017 cubic kilometers remained after the outburst (27 July). The outburst reservoir capacity was as high as 5.4 million cubic meters. The main cause of the JGL outburst was the heavy precipitation process before outburst and the ice/snow/landslides entering the lake was the direct inducement. The outburst flood/debris flow disaster also led to many sections of the river and buildings in Niwu Township at high risk. Therefore, it is urgent to pay more attention to glacial lake outburst floods and other low-probability disasters, and early real-time engineering measures should be taken to minimize their potential impacts.

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ROCK MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE L5 ORDINARY CHONDRITE DAULE

10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/1049 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Katie E Bristol

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Ordinary Chondrite ◽

Rock Magnetic Properties

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Simulation and Assessment of Future Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Poiqu River Basin, Central Himalayas

Water ◽

10.3390/w13101376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1376

Author(s):

Taigang Zhang ◽

Weicai Wang ◽

Tanguang Gao ◽

Baosheng An

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Hazard Assessment ◽

Glacial Lake ◽

High Mountain ◽

Glacial Lakes ◽

Central Himalayas ◽

Outburst Floods ◽

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽

Social And Economic Development ◽

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a typical glacier-related hazard in high mountain regions. In recent decades, glacial lakes in the Himalayas have expanded rapidly due to climate warming and glacial retreat. Some of these lakes are unstable, and may suddenly burst under different triggering factors, thus draining large amounts of water and impacting downstream social and economic development. Glacial lakes in the Poiqu River basin, Central Himalayas, have attracted great attention since GLOFs originating there could have a transboundary impact on both China and Nepal, as occurred during the Cirenmaco GLOF in 1981 and the Gongbatongshaco GLOF in 2016. Based on previous studies of this basin, we selected seven very high-risk moraine-dammed lakes (Gangxico, Galongco, Jialongco, Cirenmaco, Taraco, Beihu, and Cawuqudenco) to simulate GLOF propagation at different drainage percentage scenarios (i.e., 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), and to conduct hazard assessment. The results show that, when any glacial lake is drained completely or partly, most of the floods will enter Nepal after raging in China, and will continue to cause damage. In summary, 57.5 km of roads, 754 buildings, 3.3 km2 of farmland, and 25 bridges are at risk of damage due to GLOFs. The potentially inundated area within the Chinese part of the Poiqu River basin exceeds 45 km2. Due to the destructive impacts of GLOFs on downstream areas, appropriate and effective measures should be implemented to adapt to GLOF risk. We finally present a paradigm for conducting hazard assessment and risk management. It uses only freely available data and thus is easy to apply.

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Seasonal and water-depth variations in sediment luminescence and in sedimentation from sediment trap samples at Gerlache Strait, Antarctic Peninsula

Antarctic Science ◽

10.1017/s0954102009990186 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 483-499 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Glenn W. Berger ◽

Sara Ante ◽

Eugene W. Domack

Keyword(s):

Sediment Trap ◽

Trap Depth ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Luminescence Dating ◽

Fine Silt ◽

Sediment Fluxes ◽

Depositional Processes ◽

Infrared Stimulated Luminescence ◽

Depositional Controls ◽

Susceptibility Profiles

AbstractSediment trap arrays were deployed in Brialmont Cove and Andvord Bay, eastern Gerlache Strait, from December 2001–March 2003. The recovered sediments (representing instantaneous deposition from the viewpoint of luminescence dating) encompass all the annual and local glaciomarine depositional processes. Magnetic susceptibility profiles were used to infer seasonality in the trap cores, and thus to select subsamples for luminescence measurements. Multi-aliquot infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) apparent ages were used to assess the effectiveness of ‘clock zeroing’ (by daylight) of light sensitive luminescence within fine silt polymineral samples from each trap depth. IRSL apparent ages for 24 samples indicate that the largest age-depth differences occur with the autumn season samples at both trap sites, suggesting a previously unrecognized and regional (within the Gerlache Strait) change in depositional controls in the autumn compared to other seasons. The apparent ages also indicate some differences between the fjords, and a more complex oceanographic regime at Andvord Bay than at Brialmont Cove. Dry-mass sediment fluxes varied from 0.4 to 0.7 g cm-2 yr-1, with the largest flux at Brialmont Cove (∼0.7 g cm-2 yr-1) occurring in the bottom trap, whereas at Andvord Bay, the largest flux (∼0.6 g cm-2 yr-1) occurred in the middle trap (∼45 m above seafloor).

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