Factors contributing to the amount of vehicular damage resulting from collisions between four-wheel drive vehicles and passenger cars

The article discusses the issues of modeling conditions for obtaining diagnostic information about complex objects. As an example, the study of the braking qualities of four-wheel drive cars on an inertial roller stand is considered. Diagnosing the technical condition of cars from the point of view of traffic safety is one of the most important problems. This is especially important for systems whose technical condition affects traffic safety: especially braking systems. Foreign and domestic experience testifies to the effectiveness of instrumental control. The diagnostic equipment includes roller stands, on which you can check the braking properties of cars. As shown by many studies, in particular, carried out at the Department of Technical Operation and Service of Automobiles, KhNADU (HADI), inertial stands provide more reliable information about the technical condition of the car. Such stands allow you to reproduce the real speed and thermal modes of the brakes (especially those equipped with ABS). To improve the accuracy of diagnosing a car on a roller stand, it is necessary to have an idea of the nature of the interaction of the car wheels with the rollers. The studies of wheel rolling on the stand rollers have been carried out by many authors since the 80s of the last century. However, all these studies were carried out on uniaxial stands and for mono-drive vehicles. Nowadays, a large number of passenger cars have four-wheel drive. Rolling of the wheels of such cars on rollers and their interaction has practically not been studied. Therefore, a return to the study of this issue is relevant. A power model of the system of interaction between the car and the stand has been developed, taking into account the design features of the stand and the design features of the car's suspension. The power model of the system under consideration contains the equilibrium equations of the body and two bridges and the equations of motion of the rollers and wheels of the car. Based on the results of the analysis of the acting forces in the "car-stand" system, the braking moments on the wheels M and the coefficients of the use of the load q during the braking tests of a 4x4 vehicle were determined. The obtained research results allowed to improve the theory of interaction of a car wheel with the rollers of an inertial diagnostic stand.

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Stages in the Development of Four-Wheel Drive Systems in Audi Passenger Cars

10.4271/910020 ◽

1991 ◽

Author(s):

Bernd Hessing ◽

Ernst Muller ◽

Jurgen Stockmar

Keyword(s):

Passenger Cars ◽

Wheel Drive ◽

Drive Systems ◽

Four Wheel Drive

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Multi-objective optimisation for battery electric vehicle powertrain topologies

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1177/0954407016671275 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 231 (8) ◽

pp. 1046-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pongpun Othaganont ◽

Francis Assadian ◽

Daniel J Auger

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Gear Ratio ◽

Front Axle ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Multi Objective ◽

Component Sizing ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Wheel Drive ◽

Four Wheel Drive

Electric vehicles are becoming more popular in the market. To be competitive, manufacturers need to produce vehicles with a low energy consumption, a good range and an acceptable driving performance. These are dependent on the choice of components and the topology in which they are used. In a conventional gasoline vehicle, the powertrain topology is constrained to a few well-understood layouts; these typically consist of a single engine driving one axle or both axles through a multi-ratio gearbox. With electric vehicles, there is more flexibility, and the design space is relatively unexplored. In this paper, we evaluate several different topologies as follows: a traditional topology using a single electric motor driving a single axle with a fixed gear ratio; a topology using separate motors for the front axle and the rear axle, each with its own fixed gear ratio; a topology using in-wheel motors on a single axle; a four-wheel-drive topology using in-wheel motors on both axes. Multi-objective optimisation techniques are used to find the optimal component sizing for a given requirement set and to investigate the trade-offs between the energy consumption, the powertrain cost and the acceleration performance. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relative merits of the different topologies and their applicability to real-world passenger cars.

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