scholarly journals Membrane Receptors & Signal Transduction - II

2008 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 989-997
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Membrane Receptors

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Hammes ◽  
Carole R. Mendelson
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Transduction Mechanisms

The capacity of a cell to respond to a particular hormone depends on the presence of cellular receptors specific for that hormone. After binding hormone, the receptor is biochemically and structurally altered, resulting in its activation; the activated receptor then mediates all of the actions of the hormone on the cell. The steroid and thyroid hormones as well as retinoids and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 diffuse freely through the lipophilic plasma membrane of the cell and interact with receptors that are primarily within the nucleus. On activation, the receptors alter the transcription of specific genes, resulting in changes in the levels of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are in turn translated into proteins. Hormones that are water soluble, such as the peptide and polypeptide hormones, catecholamines, and other neurotransmitters, as well as the relatively hydrophobic prostaglandins, interact with receptors in the plasma membrane. After hormone binding, the activated membrane receptors initiate signal transduction cascades that result in changes in enzyme activities and alterations in gene expression. In this chapter, the properties of various classes of receptors that are localized within the plasma membranes of target cells and the signal transduction mechanisms that mediate interactions with their ligands will first be addressed. This will be followed by consideration of the structural properties of the nuclear hormone receptors, the events that result in their activation, and the mechanisms whereby the activated nuclear receptors alter the expression of specific genes. Finally, a number of endocrine disorders that are caused by alterations in the number and/or function of plasma membranes and nuclear receptors will be reviewed. The function of a receptor is to recognize a particular hormone among all the molecules in the environment of the cell at a given time and, after binding the hormone, to transmit a signal that ultimately results in a biological response. Hormones are normally present in the circulation in extremely low concentrations, ranging from 10 –9 to 10 –11 M.

scholarly journals N-terminal binding domain of Gα subunits: involvement of amino acids 11–14 of Gα0 in membrane attachment

1997 ◽  
Vol 323 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana BUSCONI ◽  
Paula M. BOUTIN ◽  
Bradley M. DENKER
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
G Proteins ◽  
Membrane Binding ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
In Vitro Translation ◽  
Membrane Attachment ◽  
Membrane Components

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) transmit signals from membrane receptors to a variety of intracellular effectors. G-proteins reversibly associate with components of the signal transduction system, yet remain membrane attached throughout the cycle of activation. The Gα subunits remain attached to the plasma membrane through a combination of factors that are only partially defined. We now demonstrate that amino acids within the N-terminal domain of Gα subunits are involved in membrane binding. We used in vitro translation, a technique widely utilized to characterize functional aspects of G-proteins, and interactions with donor-acceptor membranes to demonstrate that amino acids 11-14 of Gαo contribute to membrane binding. The membrane binding of Gαo lacking amino acids 11-14 (D[11-14]) was significantly reduced at all membrane concentrations in comparison with wild-type Gαo. Several other N-terminal mutants of Gαo were characterized as controls, and these results indicate that differences in myristoylation, palmitoylation and βγ interactions do not account for the reduced membrane binding of D[11-14]. Furthermore, when membrane attachment of Gαo and mutants was characterized in transiently transfected 35S-labelled and [3H]myristate-labelled COS cells, amino acids 11-14 contributed to membrane binding. These studies reveal that membrane binding of Gα subunits occurs by a combination of factors that include lipids and amino acid sequences. These regions may provide novel sites for interaction with membrane components and allow additional modulation of signal transduction.

Signaling Receptome: A Genomic and Evolutionary Perspective of Plasma Membrane Receptors Involved in Signal Transduction

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (187) ◽  
pp. re9-re9 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ben-Shlomo ◽  
S. Yu Hsu ◽  
R. Rauch ◽  
H. W. Kowalski ◽  
A. J. W. Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Plasma Membrane Receptors

Signal transduction in cells following binding of chemoattractants to membrane receptors

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Susan B. Dillon ◽  
Margrith W. Verghese ◽  
Ralph Snyderman
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
In Cells

scholarly journals Deciphering the Dynamics of Signaling Cascades and Virulence Factors of B. cinerea during Tomato Cell Wall Degradation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1837
Author(s):  
Almudena Escobar-Niño ◽  
Inés M. Morano Bermejo ◽  
Rafael Carrasco Reinado ◽  
Francisco Javier Fernandez-Acero
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Go Annotation

The ascomycete Botrytis cinerea is one of the most relevant plant pathogenic fungi, affecting fruits, flowers, and greenhouse-grown crops. The infection strategy used by the fungus comprises a magnificent set of tools to penetrate and overcome plant defenses. In this context, the plant-pathogen communication through membrane receptors and signal transduction cascades is essential to trigger specific routes and the final success of the infection. In previous reports, proteomics approaches to B. cinerea signal transduction cascades changes in response to different carbon source and plant-based elicitors have been performed. Analyzing the secretome, membranome, phosphoproteome, and the phosphomembranome. Moreover, phenotypic changes in fungal biology was analyzed, specifically toxin production. To obtain the whole picture of the process and reveal the network from a system biology approach, this proteomic information has been merged with the phenotypic characterization, to be analyzed using several bioinformatics algorithms (GO, STRING, MCODE) in order to unravel key points in the signal transduction regulation crucial to overcome plant defenses, as well as new virulence/pathogenicity factors that could be used as therapeutic targets in the control of the gray mold rot disease. A total of 1721 and 663 exclusive or overexpressed proteins were identified under glucose (GLU) and deproteinized tomato cell walls (TCW), summarizing all of the protein identifications under phenotypic characterized stages. Under GO analysis, there are more biological process and molecular functions described in GLU, highlighting the increase in signaling related categories. These results agree with the high number of total identified proteins in GLU, probably indicating a more varied and active metabolism of the fungus. When analyzing only GO annotations related with signal transduction, it was revealed that there were proteins related to TOR signaling, the phosphorelay signal transduction system, and inositol lipid-mediated signaling, only under GLU conditions. On the contrary, calcium-mediated signaling GO annotation is only present between the proteins identified under TCW conditions. To establish a potential relationship between expressed proteins, cluster analyses showed 41 and 14 clusters under GLU and TCW conditions, confirming an increase in biological activity in GLU, where we identified a larger number of clusters related to transcription, translation, and cell division, between others. From these analyses, clusters related to signal transduction and clusters related to mycotoxin production were found, which correlated with the phenotypic characterization. The identification of the proteins encompassed in each condition and signal transduction cascade would provide the research community with new information about the B. cinerea infection process and potential candidates of pathogenicity/virulence factors, overcoming plant defenses, and new therapeutic targets.

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