Cardiac effects of activation of the parasympathetic ganglia in the third fat pad in dog hearts.

ABSTRACTBuccal musculomucosal flap is commonly used in cleft palate surgery for providing additional lining when nasal mucosa is inadequate. We report an unusual complication of progressively increasing fat herniation from the sutured donor site which started appearing on the third postoperative day. This necessitated excision of the protruding fat pad on the seventh postoperative day. The possible mechanism and precautions for prevention of this complication are discussed.

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Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects mediated via parasympathetic ganglia in the dog heart

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.3.h1201 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 279 (3) ◽

pp. H1201-H1207 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Masato Tsuboi ◽

Yasuyuki Furukawa ◽

Koichi Nakajima ◽

Fumio Kurogouchi ◽

Shigetoshi Chiba

Keyword(s):

Superior Vena ◽

Vena Cava ◽

Contractile Force ◽

Right Atrial ◽

Fat Pad ◽

Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽

Dog Heart ◽

Parasympathetic Nerves ◽

Av Conduction ◽

Stimulation Of

Some parasympathetic ganglionic cells are located in the epicardial fat pad between the medial superior vena cava and the aortic root (SVC-Ao fat pad) of the dog. We investigated whether the ganglionic cells in the SVC-Ao fat pad control the right atrial contractile force, sinus cycle length (SCL), and atrioventricular (AV) conduction in the autonomically decentralized heart of the anesthetized dog. Stimulation of both sides of the cervical vagal complexes (CVS) decreased right atrial contractile force, increased SCL, and prolonged AV interval. Stimulation of the rate-related parasympathetic nerves to the sinoatrial (SA) node (SAPS) increased SCL and decreased atrial contractile force. Stimulation of the AV conduction-related parasympathetic nerves to the AV node prolonged AV interval. Trimethaphan, a ganglionic nicotinic receptor blocker, injected into the SVC-Ao fat pad attenuated the negative inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic responses to CVS by 33∼37%. On the other hand, lidocaine, a sodium channel blocker, injected into the SVC-Ao fat pad almost totally inhibited the inotropic and chronotropic responses to CVS and partly inhibited the dromotropic one. Lidocaine or trimethaphan injected into the SAPS locus abolished the inotropic responses to SAPS, but it partly attenuated those to CVS, although these treatments abolished the chronotropic responses to SAPS or CVS. These results suggest that parasympathetic ganglionic cells in the SVC-Ao fat pad, differing from those in SA and AV fat pads, nonselectively control the atrial contractile force, SCL, and AV conduction partially in the dog heart.

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Separate parasympathetic control of heart rate and atrioventricular conduction of dogs

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.2.h536 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 259 (2) ◽

pp. H536-H542 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. W. Wallick ◽

P. J. Martin

Keyword(s):

Vena Cava ◽

Atrioventricular Conduction ◽

Conduction Time ◽

Fat Pad ◽

Av Node ◽

Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽

Anesthetized Dogs ◽

Parasympathetic Control ◽

The Right ◽

Electrical Stimuli

In open-chest, autonomically decentralized, anesthetized dogs, a brief burst of electrical stimuli was delivered at various time delays to the right pulmonary vein (RPV) fat pad. This fat pad contains parasympathetic ganglia that innervate the sinoatrial (SA) node. Each burst elicited a bimodal increase in the cardiac cycle length (CCL) without eliciting a significant change in atrioventricular conduction time (AVCT). A similar burst was applied to the inferior vena cava-inferior left atrial fat pad. This fat pad contains nerves that innervate the AV node. This latter stimulation elicited a bimodal increase in AVCT without eliciting any change in the CCL. When the cervical vagi were stimulated in a similar manner, a bimodal increase in the CCL was elicited that was similar to the response we observed when the RPV fat pad was stimulated. In contrast, the dromotropic response was quite variable. In conclusion, we could, for the most part, elicit selective parasympathetic control of either the SA or the AV node, respectively.

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Epicardial sites for vagal mediation of sinoatrial function

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.5.h1401 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 262 (5) ◽

pp. H1401-H1406 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. D. Mick ◽

R. D. Wurster ◽

M. Duff ◽

M. Weber ◽

W. C. Randall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Discharge Rate ◽

Vena Cava ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Retrograde Transport ◽

Right Atrial ◽

Bipolar Electrode ◽

Fat Pad ◽

Neuronal Marker ◽

Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽

Series Of Experiments

The posterior atrial fat pad (PAFP) has been described as the probable anatomic location of parasympathetic ganglia mediating sinoatrial (SAN) and atrioventricular nodal function in the mammalian heart. This contrasts with recent localizations of such control elements in the pulmonary vein fat pad (PVFP) and in fatty tissues overlying the junction of inferior vena cava-inferior left atrium (IVC-ILA), respectively. Short bursts (5-8 pulses/burst, 3 bursts/train) of electrical current (1-16 Hz, 400 ms, 1-5 mA) applied directly to the ventral right atrial epicardium via a concentric bipolar electrode (separation 0.3-0.6 mm) during the atrial muscle refractory period, activated subepicardial postganglionic pathways from PVFP and entering the SAN; identical stimulation of dorsal right atrial epicardium between PAFP and SAN excited few or no fiber pathways controlling SAN discharge rate or patterns. In a second series of experiments, injection of a neuronal marker (Fast Blue) into and around SAN, with time (5-10 days) allowed for retrograde transport, resulted in staining of many soma in PVFP but none in IVC-ILA or PAFP. These data strongly affirm the primary, and perhaps exclusive, localization of ganglia that mediate parasympathetic regulation of SAN function in PVFP of the dog's heart, with little or no such participation by ganglia within PAFP or IVC-ILA.

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Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome: A Case Report of Two Surgical Options, Duodenal Derotation and Duodenojejunostomy

Case Reports in Vascular Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/8301025 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yagan Pillay

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Superior Mesenteric Artery ◽

Surgical Management ◽

Mesenteric Artery ◽

Duodenal Obstruction ◽

Standard Of Care ◽

Fat Pad ◽

The Third ◽

Surgical Options ◽

Nasojejunal Feeding

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is a rare cause of duodenal obstruction and its management is usually conservative with nasojejunal feeding. The pathophysiology entails the loss of the fat pad between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta. This reduces the angle between the two vessels to less than 20 degrees with the resultant compression of the third part of the duodenum. The surgical management is usually a laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy. The two cases in our series had two different surgical procedures with good outcomes in both patients. The surgical management of each patient should be determined on its own merits irrespective of the standard of care.

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Progress report on 21-cm observations at low latitude between longitudes (l 11) 0° and 66°

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900100907 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 177-179

Author(s):

W. W. Shane

Keyword(s):

Preliminary Report ◽

Progress Report ◽

Galactic Centre ◽

Low Latitude ◽

The Third ◽

Introductory Lecture ◽

Centre Region

In the course of several 21-cm observing programmes being carried out by the Leiden Observatory with the 25-meter telescope at Dwingeloo, a fairly complete, though inhomogeneous, survey of the regionl11= 0° to 66° at low galactic latitudes is becoming available. The essential data on this survey are presented in Table 1. Oort (1967) has given a preliminary report on the first and third investigations. The third is discussed briefly by Kerr in his introductory lecture on the galactic centre region (Paper 42). Burton (1966) has published provisional results of the fifth investigation, and I have discussed the sixth in Paper 19. All of the observations listed in the table have been completed, but we plan to extend investigation 3 to a much finer grid of positions.

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The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900105509 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 227-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Brouwer

Keyword(s):

Periodic Orbit ◽

Numerical Integration ◽

Restricted Problem ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

The Third ◽

Circular Restricted Problem ◽

Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

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Monte Carlo Algorithms for Moments of Transition Arrays

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100107468 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 79-81

Author(s):

A. Goldberg ◽

S.D. Bloom

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

State Vector ◽

Basis Vector ◽

Collective State ◽

Dispersion Characteristics ◽

Dipole Strength ◽

The Third ◽

Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽

Third Moment ◽

Very High

AbstractClosed expressions for the first, second, and (in some cases) the third moment of atomic transition arrays now exist. Recently a method has been developed for getting to very high moments (up to the 12th and beyond) in cases where a “collective” state-vector (i.e. a state-vector containing the entire electric dipole strength) can be created from each eigenstate in the parent configuration. Both of these approaches give exact results. Herein we describe astatistical(or Monte Carlo) approach which requires onlyonerepresentative state-vector |RV> for the entire parent manifold to get estimates of transition moments of high order. The representation is achieved through the random amplitudes associated with each basis vector making up |RV>. This also gives rise to the dispersion characterizing the method, which has been applied to a system (in the M shell) with≈250,000 lines where we have calculated up to the 5th moment. It turns out that the dispersion in the moments decreases with the size of the manifold, making its application to very big systems statistically advantageous. A discussion of the method and these dispersion characteristics will be presented.

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Sites of Insulin Action Using Ferritin Labeling

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100066759 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 540-541

Author(s):

Burton B. Silver ◽

Ronald S. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Binding Sites ◽

Anterior Pituitary ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Insulin Antibody ◽

Fat Pad ◽

Target Organs ◽

Uranium Salts ◽

Sugar Levels

Some investigators feel that insulin does not enter cells but exerts its influence in some manner on the cell surface. Ferritin labeling of insulin and insulin antibody was used to determine if binding sites of insulin to specific target organs could be seen with electron microscopy.Alloxanized rats were considered diabetic if blood sugar levels were in excess of 300 mg %. Test reagents included ferritin, ferritin labeled insulin, and ferritin labeled insulin antibody. Target organs examined were were diaphragm, kidney, gastrocnemius, fat pad, liver and anterior pituitary. Reagents were administered through the left common carotid. Survival time was at least one hour in test animals. Tissue incubation studies were also done in normal as well as diabetic rats. Specimens were fixed in gluteraldehyde and osmium followed by staining with lead and uranium salts. Some tissues were not stained.

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Probe size and 5th-order aberration

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100125609 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 134-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhifeng Shao

Keyword(s):

Electron Probe ◽

Spherical Aberration ◽

Wave Length ◽

Cylindrical Symmetry ◽

Electron Wave ◽

Third Order ◽

The Third ◽

Probe Radius ◽

Small Probe ◽

Probe Size

A small electron probe has many applications in many fields and in the case of the STEM, the probe size essentially determines the ultimate resolution. However, there are many difficulties in obtaining a very small probe.Spherical aberration is one of them and all existing probe forming systems have non-zero spherical aberration. The ultimate probe radius is given byδ = 0.43Csl/4ƛ3/4where ƛ is the electron wave length and it is apparent that δ decreases only slowly with decreasing Cs. Scherzer pointed out that the third order aberration coefficient always has the same sign regardless of the field distribution, provided only that the fields have cylindrical symmetry, are independent of time and no space charge is present. To overcome this problem, he proposed a corrector consisting of octupoles and quadrupoles.

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