Effects of Smoking on Testicular Function, Semen Quality and Sperm Fertilizing Capacity

1995 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 1030-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Sofikitis ◽  
Ikuo Miyagawa ◽  
Dimitrios Dimitriadis ◽  
Panayiotis Zavos ◽  
Suresh Sikka ◽  
...  
Author(s):  
Olof Ståhl ◽  
Jakob Eberhard ◽  
Aleksander Giwercman

Testicular cancer and the problems of male hypogonadism and infertility are closely related to each other—from a clinical as well as a biological point of view. Thus, men previously treated for testicular cancer are more and more frequently seen among patients referred to infertility clinics. This is due to the fact that: ◆ the survival rate among young testicular cancer patients is very high, being close to 95%, and the quality of life—including gonadal function—plays an important role in the men who have been cured ◆ there is an increasing knowledge that testicular function—both spermatogenesis and androgen production—in men with germ cell cancer is severely impaired. Recent research indicates a common prenatal cause of these pathologies of reproductive system ◆ modern techniques of assisted reproduction, particularly intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), have made it possible to obtain fertilization even when using ejaculates of extremely poor quality. This option has improved the possibility of cancer treated men becoming fathers. However, a source of potential worry is possible sperm DNA damage related to cancer and its treatment ◆ testicular germ cell cancer is more common in men presenting with poor semen quality. Thus, when investigating a man for infertility he should be assessed as to whether he belongs to a high-risk group for which a proper screening procedure should be offered (see below) Apart from this clinical link between testicular cancer and male infertility, there are also some indications of common biological factors involved in aetiology and pathogenesis. In this chapter some basic biological aspects of testicular cancer will be described. In Chapter 9.5.1 the hypothesis linking a rise of gonadal malignancy and poor testicular function is explained in more detail.


2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1693-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Agergaard Holmboe ◽  
Lærke Priskorn ◽  
Tina Kold Jensen ◽  
Niels Erik Skakkebaek ◽  
Anna-Maria Andersson ◽  
...  

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Are use of e-cigarettes and snuff associated with testicular function as previously shown for conventional cigarettes and marijuana? SUMMARY ANSWER Use of e-cigarettes is associated with reduced semen quality but not with higher serum testosterone level as observed for conventional cigarette use. Snuff use was not associated with markers of testicular function. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Cigarette smoking has previously been associated with higher testosterone levels and impaired semen quality, whereas it is unresolved whether use of e-cigarettes or snuff influence the testicular function. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This cross-sectional population-based study included 2008 men with information on cigarette and marijuana use (enrolled between 2012 and 2018), among whom 1221 men also had information on e-cigarette and snuff use (enrolled between 2015 and 2018). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Men (median age 19.0 years) from the general population provided a semen and blood sample and filled out a questionnaire on lifestyle including information on smoking behaviour. Associations between different types of smoking (e-cigarettes, snuff, marijuana and cigarettes) and reproductive hormones (total and free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, LH, oestradiol and ratios of inhibin B/FSH, testosterone/LH and free testosterone/LH) and semen parameters (total sperm count and sperm concentration) were examined using multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for relevant confounders. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Approximately half of the men (52%) were cigarette smokers, 13% used e-cigarettes, 25% used snuff and 33% used marijuana. Users of e-cigarettes and marijuana were often also cigarette smokers. Compared to non-users, daily e-cigarette users had significantly lower total sperm count (147 million vs 91 million) as did daily cigarette smokers (139 million vs 103 million), in adjusted analyses. Furthermore, significantly higher total and free testosterone levels were seen in cigarette smoking men (6.2% and 4.1% higher total testosterone and 6.2% and 6.2% higher free testosterone in daily smokers and occasional smokers, respectively, compared to non-smoking men), but not among e-cigarette users. Daily users of marijuana had 8.3% higher total testosterone levels compared to non-users. No associations were observed for snuff in relation to markers of testicular function. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We cannot exclude that our results can be influenced by residual confounding by behavioural factors not adjusted for. The number of daily e-cigarette users was limited and findings should be replicated in other studies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first human study to indicate that not only cigarette smoking but also use of e-cigarettes is associated with lower sperm counts. This could be important knowledge for men trying to achieve a pregnancy, as e-cigarettes are often considered to be less harmful than conventional cigarette smoking. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Funding was received from the Danish Ministry of Health (1-1010-308/59), the Independent Research Fund Denmark (8020-00218B), ReproUnion (20200407) and the Research Fund of the Capital Region of Denmark (A6176). The authors have nothing to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NA


2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juuso Tainio ◽  
Kirsi Jahnukainen ◽  
Mirja Nurmio ◽  
Mikko Pakarinen ◽  
Hannu Jalanko ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1765-1780
Author(s):  
Trine Koch ◽  
Ann H Hansen ◽  
Lærke Priskorn ◽  
Jørgen H Petersen ◽  
Elisabeth Carlsen ◽  
...  

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is there a difference in testicular function in early adulthood between men born with cryptorchidism and men born with normally descended testes? SUMMARY ANSWER In men from the general population, a history of cryptorchidism was associated with lower total testis volume and impaired semen quality as well as altered serum levels of reproductive hormones. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The association between cryptorchidism and testicular function is well documented in studies based on sub-fertile or infertile men recruited from a clinical setting. However, the association has not previously been investigated in men from the general population, who were unselected regarding fertility status. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a cross-sectional population-based study of 6376 young Danish men examined from 1996 to 2017. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS This study is based on young men from the greater Copenhagen area, Denmark (median age of 19 years) who were unselected regarding fertility status and semen quality. The young men delivered a semen sample, had a blood sample drawn and underwent a physical examination including assessment of testis volume. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding cryptorchidism at birth, current lifestyle and their mother’s pregnancy, after consulting their mother. The differences in markers of testicular function, including testis volume, semen parameters and reproductive hormones between men with and without a history of cryptorchidism were investigated with multiple linear regression analyses. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The participation rate was 24% for the entire study period. Overall, a history of cryptorchidism was associated with reduced testicular function. In the adjusted models, a history of cryptorchidism was associated with a 3.5 ml lower total testis volume, determined by orchidometer (P < 0.001), 28% lower sperm concentration (95% CI: −37 to −20) and 26% lower inhibin B/FSH ratio (95% CI: −50 to −22) compared to men without a history of cryptorchidism, suggesting a reduced spermatogenetic capacity. Men with a history of cryptorchidism also had a slightly reduced Leydig cell function expressed as a 6% lower testosterone/LH ratio (95% CI: −12 to −0.7). The significant effect sizes and different markers of testicular function pointing in the same direction across the different models based on a large sample size support that the results are not chance findings. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Information on cryptorchidism at birth and treatment modus was obtained by retrospective self-report, and each participant only delivered one semen sample. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The results suggest that men with a history of cryptorchidism could be at increased risk of experiencing fertility problems. However, among these men there is a wide variation in semen quality and further research is needed in order to identify the subgroup of boys born with cryptorchidism who are at the greatest risk of impaired semen quality when reaching adulthood. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study received financial support from the Research fund of Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; the European Union (Contract numbers BMH4-CT96-0314, QLK4-CT-1999-01422, QLK4-CT-2002-00603. FP7/2007-2013, DEER Grant agreement no. 212844); the Danish Ministry of Health; the Danish Environmental Protection Agency; A.P. Møller and wife Chastine McKinney Møllers Foundation; and Svend Andersens Foundation. None of the founders had any role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, writing of the paper or publication decisions. The authors have nothing to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.


2014 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
J. Tainio ◽  
K. Jahnukainen ◽  
M. Pakarinen ◽  
H. Jalanko ◽  
T. Jahnukainen

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2624
Author(s):  
Chih-Wei Tsao ◽  
Yu-Juei Hsu ◽  
Ting-Chia Chang ◽  
Sheng-Tang Wu ◽  
Tai-Lung Cha ◽  
...  

Hyperphosphatemia is a serious complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) that occurs due to insufficient excretion of phosphorus during failure of renal function. Both CKD and an excessive phosphorus intake have been reported to increase oxidative stress and result in poor male fertility, but little is known about the reproductive function of the CKD under a poorly controlled phosphate intake. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice (n = 66) were randomly divided into four groups: a sham operation group received a chow diet as control (SC group, n = 14), CKD-induced mice received a chow diet (CKDC group, n = 16), control mice received a high phosphorus (HP) diet (SP group, n = 16), and CKD-induced mice received a HP diet (CKDP group, n = 20). CKD was induced by performing a 5/6 nephrectomy. The chow diet contained 0.6% phosphorus, while the HP diet contained 2% phosphorus. Impaired testicular function and semen quality found in the CKD model may result from increased oxidative stress, causing apoptosis and inflammation. The HP diet aggravated the negative effects of testicular damage in the CKD-induced mice.


1995 ◽  
pp. 1030-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Sofikitis ◽  
Ikuo Miyagawa ◽  
Dimitrios Dimitriadis ◽  
Panayiotis Zavos ◽  
Suresh Sikka ◽  
...  

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