scholarly journals 358: Boys with Hypospadias Exhibit Reduced Anogenital Distance, a Putative Sign of Endocrine Disruption

2007 ◽  
Vol 177 (4S) ◽  
pp. 119-120
Author(s):  
Michael H. Hsieh ◽  
Benjamin N. Breyer ◽  
Michael L. Eisenberg ◽  
Laurence S. Baskin
2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Hsieh ◽  
Benjamin N. Breyer ◽  
Michael L. Eisenberg ◽  
Laurence S. Baskin

Author(s):  
Dorte Vesterholm Lind ◽  
Lærke Priskorn ◽  
Tina Harmer Lassen ◽  
Flemming Nielsen ◽  
Henriette Boye Kyhl ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Lindgren Schwartz ◽  
Sofie Christiansen ◽  
Ulla Hass ◽  
Louise Ramhøj ◽  
Marta Axelstad ◽  
...  

Areola/nipple retention (NR) is an established biomarker for an anti-androgenic mode of action in rat toxicity studies. It is a mandatory measurement under several OECD test guidelines and is typically assessed in combination with anogenital distance (AGD). Both NR and AGD are considered retrospective biomarkers of insufficient androgen signaling during the masculinization programming window in male fetuses. However, there are still aspects concerning NR as a biomarker for endocrine disruption that remains to be clarified. For instance, can NR be regarded a permanent adverse effect? Is it a redundant measurement if AGD is assessed in the same study? Is NR equally sensitive and specific to anti-androgenic chemical substances as a shortening of male AGD? In this review we discuss these and other aspects concerning the use of NR as a biomarker in toxicity studies. We have collected available literature from rat toxicity studies that have reported on NR and synthesized the data in order to draw a clearer picture about the sensitivity and specificity of NR as an effect biomarker for an anti-androgenic mode of action, including comparisons to AGD measurements. We carefully conclude that NR and AGD in rats for the most part display similar sensitivity and specificity, but that there are clear exceptions which support the continued assessment of both endpoints in relevant reproductive toxicity studies. Available literature also support the view that NR in infant male rats signifies a high risk for permanent nipples in adulthood. Finally, the literature suggests that the mechanisms of action leading from a chemical stressor event to either NR or short AGD in male offspring are overlapping with respect to canonical androgen signaling, yet differ with respect to other mechanisms of action.


2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Servos ◽  
Don Bennie ◽  
Kent Burnison ◽  
Philippa Cureton ◽  
Nicol Davidson ◽  
...  

Abstract A number of biological responses and multigenerational effects, mediated through the disruption of endocrine systems, have been observed in biota exposed to relatively low concentrations of environmental contaminants. These types of responses need to be considered within a weight of evidence approach in our risk assessment and risk management frameworks. However, including endocrine responses in an environmental risk assessment introduces a number of uncertainties that must be considered. A risk assessment of nonylphenol and nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NP/NPE) is used as a case study to demonstrate the sources and magnitude of some of the uncertainties associated with using endocrine disruption as an assessment endpoint. Even with this relatively well studied group of substances, there are substantial knowledge gaps which contribute to the overall uncertainties, limiting the interpretation within the risk assessment. The uncertainty of extrapolating from in vitro or biochemical responses to higher levels of organization or across species is not well understood. The endocrine system is very complex and chemicals can interact or interfere with the normal function of endocrine systems in a number of ways (e.g., receptors, hormones) which may or may not result in an adverse responses in the whole organism. Using endocrine responses can lead to different conclusions than traditional endpoints due to a variety of factors, such as differences in relative potencies of chemicals for specific endpoints (e.g., receptor binding versus chronic toxicity). The uncertainties can also be considerably larger and the desirability of using endocrine endpoints should be carefully evaluated. Endocrine disruption is a mode of action and not a functional endpoint and this needs to be considered carefully in the problem formulation stage and the interpretation of the weight of evidence.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue He ◽  
Huijun Shen ◽  
Haidong Fu ◽  
Chunyue Feng ◽  
Zhixia Liu ◽  
...  

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