04/00995 Evaluation of refrigerating and air-conditioning technologies in heat cascading systems under the carbon dioxide emissions constraint: the proposal of the energy cascade balance table

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Cascade

scholarly journals Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (19) ◽  
pp. 5962-5967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas W. Davis ◽  
Paul J. Gertler
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Action

As household incomes rise around the world and global temperatures go up, the use of air conditioning is poised to increase dramatically. Air conditioning growth is expected to be particularly strong in middle-income countries, but direct empirical evidence is scarce. In this paper we use high-quality microdata from Mexico to describe the relationship between temperature, income, and air conditioning. We describe both how electricity consumption increases with temperature given current levels of air conditioning, and how climate and income drive air conditioning adoption decisions. We then combine these estimates with predicted end-of-century temperature changes to forecast future energy consumption. Under conservative assumptions about household income, our model predicts near-universal saturation of air conditioning in all warm areas within just a few decades. Temperature increases contribute to this surge in adoption, but income growth by itself explains most of the increase. What this will mean for electricity consumption and carbon dioxide emissions depends on the pace of technological change. Continued advances in energy efficiency or the development of new cooling technologies could reduce the energy consumption impacts. Similarly, growth in low-carbon electricity generation could mitigate the increases in carbon dioxide emissions. However, the paper illustrates the enormous potential impacts in this sector, highlighting the importance of future research on adaptation and underscoring the urgent need for global action on climate change.

scholarly journals Thin films for solar control applications

2009 ◽  
Vol 466 (2113) ◽  
pp. 19-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapna Shrestha Kanu ◽  
Russell Binions
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
Solar Control ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

The excessive use of heating systems in cold climates and air conditioning systems in hotter climates is resulting in the extensive use of electricity in order to maintain such systems. This in turn leads to the greater use of fossil fuels and higher emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutant gases. The growing amount of carbon dioxide emissions is contributing to the problem of global warming, hence increasing the need for alternative technologies to heating and air conditioning systems. One such alternative is the production of thin films which can be used as window glazing coatings to construct ‘smart windows’. These windows have the greatest use within constant climates. In cold climates, windows with high solar transmittance and low thermal emittance are needed; this allows sunlight into the building to brighten the room but stops heat from escaping thus warming the room. In constantly hot climates, materials that are transparent in the visible region but reflective in the infrared, such as thin metallic coatings, can be used to ensure that the inside of the building remains cool. These solar control coatings, however, pose a problem in varying climates such as in northern and central Europe. For these cases, materials that have altering properties owing to external surroundings could be the solution. These ‘chromatic’ materials include several categories, such as photochromic glasses and polymers, thermochromic metal oxides and electrochromic materials. This review will begin with a discussion as to the chemistry behind the solar control coatings and chromic materials including ambient radiation and the ideal of a black-body object. It will then look in depth at each class of these chromic materials considering experimental results and theoretical insight as well as production techniques and applications.

Energy Use and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cropland Production in the United States, 1990-2004

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Nelson, ◽  
C.H. Hellwinckel, ◽  
C.C. Brandt, ◽  
T.O. West, ◽  
D.G. De La Torre Ugarte, ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
The United States

The Scenario Analysis of Carbon Emissions Based on Improved IPAT Model in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1484-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Shan ◽  
Hua Wang Shao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Policy Scenario ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Energy Environment ◽  
Development Goals

The coordination development of economy-energy-environment was discussed with traditional environmental loads model, combined with "decoupling" theory. Considering the possibilities of social and economic development, this paper set out three scenarios, and analyzed quantitatively the indexes, which affected carbon dioxide emissions, including population, per capita GDP, industrial structure and energy structure. Based on this, it forecasted carbon dioxide emissions in China in future. By comparing the prediction results, it held that policy scenario was the more realistic scenario, what’s more it can achieve emission reduction targets with the premise of meeting the social and economic development goals. At last, it put forward suggestions to implement successfully policy scenario, from energy structure, industrial structure, low-carbon technology and so on.

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