THE SYSTEMIC FACTOR IN THE LOCAL USE OF MERCURIALS.

Abstract Pangolins have been exploited throughout history but evidence points to population declines across parts of their ranges since the 1960s, especially in Asia. This is the result of overexploitation for local use and international trade and trafficking of their derivatives. The prevalence of the consumption of pangolin products has been estimated for different localities in Viet Nam but, considering that national legislation prohibits the purchase of pangolin products, previous research has not accounted for the potential for biased responses. In this study, we treat pangolin consumption as a sensitive behaviour and estimate consumption prevalence of pangolin meat, scales and wine (a whole pangolin or pangolin parts or fluids soaked or mixed in rice wine) in Ho Chi Minh City using a specialized questioning method, the unmatched count technique. We also characterize the demographics of consumers. Our results suggest there is active consumption of all three pangolin products, with a best-estimate prevalence of 7% of a representative sample of Ho Chi Minh City residents for pangolin meat, 10% for scales and 6% for wine. Our prevalence estimates exceed estimates from direct questions, providing evidence for the sensitivity of pangolin consumption. We compared our analysis of consumer characteristics with existing profiles of pangolin consumers and found substantial differences, suggesting that consumption occurs among broader demographic groups than previously described. Our findings suggest that efforts to reduce demand for pangolin consumption in Viet Nam should focus on a broader range of consumers than previously identified.

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INAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY What Is in It for the Rich?

Macroeconomic Dynamics ◽

10.1017/s1365100507060166 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 487-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

ANA FERNANDES ◽

KRISHNA B. KUMAR

Keyword(s):

Green Revolution ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Welfare Effects ◽

Luxury Good ◽

Rich Region ◽

The Poor ◽

Poor Region ◽

Inferior Good ◽

The Rich ◽

Local Use

In this paper, we investigate incentives, other than altruism, that developed countries have for improving developing country technologies. We propose a simple model of international trade between two regions, in which individuals have preferences over an inferior good and a luxury good. The poor region has a comparative advantage in the production of the inferior good. Even when costly adaptation of the technology to the poor region's characteristics is required—making the technology inappropriate for local use—there are parameter configurations for which the rich region has an incentive to incur this cost. It benefits from a terms-of-trade improvement and from greater specialization in the luxury good. Indeed, there are cases where the rich region would prefer to improve the poor region's technology for producing the inferior good rather than its own. We apply our model to the Green Revolution and provide a quantitative assessment of its welfare effects.

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Microbial risk assessment of local handling and use of human faeces

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2006.049 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 117-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Caroline Schönning ◽

Therese Westrell ◽

Thor Axel Stenström ◽

Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen ◽

Arne Bernt Hasling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽

Risk Of Infection ◽

Accidental Ingestion ◽

Storage Container ◽

Microbial Risk Assessment ◽

Microbial Risk ◽

Local Use ◽

Annual Risk

Dry urine-diverting toilets may be used in order to collect excreta for the utilisation of nutrients. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted in order to evaluate the risks of transmission of infectious disease related to the local use of faeces as a fertiliser. The human exposures evaluated included accidental ingestion of small amounts of faeces, or a mixture of faeces and soil, while emptying the storage container and applying the material in the garden, during recreational stays to the garden, and during gardening. A range of pathogens representing various groups of microorganisms was considered. Results showed that 12-months' storage before use was sufficient for the inactivation of most pathogens to acceptable levels. When working or spending time in the garden the annual risk of infection by Ascaris was still slightly above 10-4 in these scenarios, although the incidence rate for Ascaris is very low in the population in question. Measures to further reduce the hygienic risks include longer storage, or treatment, of the faeces. The results can easily be extended to other regions with different incidence rates.

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Clinical and immunological efficacy and expediency of local use of low-intensity laser radiation with a wavelength of 635 nm in the treatment of infectious diseases of the genitourinary system

Terapevt (General Physician) ◽

10.33920/med-12-2012-05 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-49

Author(s):

I.V. Semenova ◽

Yu. A. Sorokin

Keyword(s):

Laser Radiation ◽

Vaginal Candidiasis ◽

Urogenital System ◽

Humoral Factors ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Antimicrobial Protection ◽

Therapeutic Measures ◽

Immunological Examination ◽

Local Use ◽

Intensity Laser

A clinical and immunological examination of 140 women with verified cipher B 37.3-inflammatory disease caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida, characterized by the presence of 4 or more episodes during the year, is carried out. Before the start of therapy, an imbalance of cellular and humoral factors of innate immunity, the content of cytokines in the vaginal secretion, was detected. The optical radiation of a low-intensity laser was included in the scheme of therapeutic measures, starting from the first day of treatment. The results of the study demonstrate that local exposure on the vulva and vagina with laser radiation with a wavelength of 635 nm, with the power of 5 mW, for 10 minutes per area for a 10-day period reliably reduce the severity of objective and subjective symptoms of vaginal candidiasis, reduce the number of relapses, forming a long interrecurrent period, and normalizes the state of factors of local antimicrobial protection on the surface of the mucous membranes of the lower part of the urogenital system.

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PEDIATRIC GYNECOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.18.2.318 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 318-322

Author(s):

Robert B. Greenblatt ◽

James W. Bennett

Keyword(s):

Foreign Bodies ◽

Bowel Movement ◽

Vaginal Wall ◽

Foreign Object ◽

Small Children ◽

Pathologic Process ◽

Underlying Factor ◽

Rapid Pace ◽

Vaginal Canal ◽

Local Use

MANY mothers bring their young daughters to the pediatrician because they have noticed a discharge on the child's underclothing. Most of such discharges are nothing more than desquamation of the epithelial cells at perhaps a more rapid pace than usual. Such a discharge, commonly referred to as "whites," occurs normally in the adult female. No pathologic process is involved in either the child or the woman and no treatment is indicated. On the other hand, a discharge which is irritating, malodorous, and provokes an inflammatory response, has a pathologic background. By far the greater number of such cases fall into one of the following categories: (a) Nonspecific vaginitis which may be due to the presence of organisms which find their way into the vaginal canal either through insertion of the child's finger or some foreign object, or may appear for no apparent predisposing reasons. Among the organisms found are pneumococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, diphtheroids, colon bacillus, etc. The treatment consists primarily of removing or correcting the underlying factor and cleansing measures. Frequently, attention to the technique of cleansing the rectal area following a bowel movement, daily bathing and a pitcher douche with saline twice a day will clear up the discharge. Sulfonamides by mouth, locally, or both may be effective in some cases. In other cases, the local use of a specific antibiotic such as Terramycin® or Aureomycin® has been effective (a 50 mg. capsule may be inserted into the vaginal canal daily for 5 to 7 days). (b) Another group of cases is due to the presence of foreign bodies in the vaginal canal. Any number and type of foreign bodies have been found in the vaginal canals of small children, such as safety pins, pencils, sticks, etc. The presence of a foreign body sets up an irritant reaction and causes a discharge, in most instances with a bloody component. The diagnosis may be made by inspection or by gentle rectal examination, pressing the vaginal wall through the rectum.

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Knostrop Footbridge – Innovative Design Solutions

10.24904/footbridge2022.242 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Bowmer ◽

James Harrison-King

Keyword(s):

Iterative Process ◽

Innovative Approach ◽

Innovative Design ◽

Intended Purpose ◽

Design Solutions ◽

Local Use ◽

The City ◽

Principle Objective ◽

Lifetime Maintenance

Knostrop Footbridge was designed and constructed as part of the Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme. The project’s principle objective was to provide new walking and cycling routes along the River Aire, as well as creating a landmark gateway to the city. Given the intended purpose, budget, programme, and site constraints, a list of key aspirations was developed:<ul><li>Creation of a slender, flowing structure which “floats” over the water and encourages local use and interest.</li><li>Simplified construction through off-site fabrication and streamlined installation.</li><li>Mirroring the alignment of the soon to be constructed Knostrop Weir and utilising the weir walls for sub structure support, all whilst accommodating the construction lag between the weir and the bridge.</li><li>A durable, low maintenance structure is essential with the difficult access constraints of the weir.</li></ul>Achieving the above in combination required an innovative approach. Numerous potential solutions were developed, experimented with, and analysed, prior to finalising the design.This iterative process allowed the bridge to develop into a unique, innovative, and recognisable design, and one which exceeded expectations to efficiently fulfil its purpose with minimal anticipated lifetime maintenance.This paper presents the innovative design solutions adopted in overcoming the various challenges and achieving the design aspirations.

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