IAEA activities on Mmall and Medium Reactors: Harmonization of energy demand and supply in developing countries

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Kataoka



1987 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayant Sathaye ◽  
Andre Ghirardi ◽  
Lee Schipper


Author(s):  
Frank W. Booth ◽  
Kenneth M. Baldwin


1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sathaye ◽  
A. Ketoff ◽  
L. Schipper ◽  
S. Lele


2022 ◽  
pp. 506-528
Author(s):  
Sa'ed Abed ◽  
Areej Abdelaal ◽  
Amjad Gawanmeh

Energy demand has increased significantly in the recent years due to the emerging of new technologies and industries, in particular in the developing countries. This increase requires much more developed power grid system than the existing traditional ones. Smart grid (SG) offers a potential solution to this problem. Being one of the most needed and complex cyber-physical systems (CPS), SG has been addressed exhaustively by researchers, from different views and aspects. However, energy optimization yet needs much more studying and examination. Therefore, this chapter presents a comprehensive investigation and analysis of the state-of-the-art developments in SG as a CPS with emphasis on energy optimization techniques and challenges. It also surveys the main challenges facing the SG considering CPS factors and the remarkable accomplishments and techniques in addressing these challenges. In addition, the document contrasts between different techniques according to their efficiency, usage, and feasibility. Moreover, this work explores the most effective applications of the SG as a CPS.



Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Green ◽  
Opio Innocent Miria ◽  
Rolf Crook ◽  
Andrew Ross

Rural areas of developing countries often have poor energy infrastructure and so rely on a very local supply. A local energy supply in rural Uganda frequently has problems such as limited accessibility, unreliability, a high expense, harmful to health and deforestation. By carbonizing waste biomass streams, available to those in rural areas of developing countries through a solar resource, it would be possible to create stable, reliable fuels with more consistent calorific values. An energy demand calculator is reported to assess the different energy demands of various thermochemical processes that can be used to create biofuel. The energy demand calculator then relates the energy required to the area of solar collector required for an integrated system. Pyrolysis was shown to require the least amount of energy to process 1 kg of biomass when compared to steam treatment and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This was due to the large amount of water required for steam treatment and HTC. A resource assessment of Uganda is reported, to which the energy demand calculator has been applied. Quantitative data are presented for agricultural residues, forestry residues, animal manure and aquatic weeds found within Uganda. In application to rural areas of Uganda, a linear Fresnel HTC integration shows to be the most practical fit. Integration with a low temperature steam treatment would require more solar input for less carbonization due to the energy required to vaporize liquid water.



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