Epidemiological pattern and risk factors associated with bovine viral-diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in a non-vaccinated dairy-cattle population from the Asturias region of Spain

Little is known of the risk factors associated with occurrence of Neospora caninum and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) infection in Kenya. This cross-sectional study hypothesized that there are significant biosecurity measures associated with N. caninum and BVDV infections on smallholder dairy farms in Kenya that could be adopted to reduce seroprevalence and impacts. From 158 randomly selected farms in Meru County, Kenya, 470 serum samples were collected from dairy cattle (over six months of age and unvaccinated for these two pathogens). Sera were analyzed for antibodies to N. caninum and antibodies and antigens to BVDV. Data on risk factors were obtained through face-to-face interviews with the farmers. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify significant risk factors associated with seropositivity for the pathogens. The apparent seroprevalence of N. caninum, BVDV antibody, BVDV antigen, and co-infection with N. caninum and BVDV antibody and/or antigen were 35.1%, 47.1%, 36.2% and 18.5%, respectively. Risk factors associated with N. caninum antibody included: introducing milking cows into the farm, lending of cattle between farms, farm dogs having access to bovine aborted fetuses, and dogs whelping in the farm compound, with an interaction between the last two variables. BVDV antigen was associated with cattle having contact with pigs, and an interaction between cattle age and whether farms introduced new calves onto farms, and cattle age and whether visiting dairy farmers have access to the cow shed. Cows had higher odds of having BVDV antibodies compared to heifers. Factors associated with co-infection included cow parity, direct contact between dairy cattle, dogs and goats, and introducing new milking cows into the farms. Antibody and antigen results may be partly a function of classical swine fever virus or border disease virus interactions. Farmer education on these biosecurity measures is recommended, along with introduction of BVDV vaccination.

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Bovine viral diarrhoea virus in beef cattle herds of Yucatan, Mexico: Seroprevalence and risk factors

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.06.004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 72 (3-4) ◽

pp. 253-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

J.J. Solis-Calderon ◽

V.M. Segura-Correa ◽

J.C. Segura-Correa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽

Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Cattle Herds

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Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle in Switzerland: Lessons Taught by the Complex Biology of the Virus

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.702730 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Matthias Schweizer ◽

Hanspeter Stalder ◽

Anja Haslebacher ◽

Martin Grisiger ◽

Heinzpeter Schwermer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Control Programme ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Border Disease Virus ◽

Cattle Population ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽

Main Challenge ◽

Border Disease ◽

Diarrhoea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and related ruminant pestiviruses occur worldwide and cause considerable economic losses in livestock and severely impair animal welfare. Switzerland started a national mandatory control programme in 2008 aiming to eradicate BVD from the Swiss cattle population. The peculiar biology of pestiviruses with the birth of persistently infected (PI) animals upon in utero infection in addition to transient infection of naïve animals requires vertical and horizontal transmission to be taken into account. Initially, every animal was tested for PI within the first year, followed by testing for the presence of virus in all newborn calves for the next four years. Prevalence of calves being born PI thus diminished substantially from around 1.4% to <0.02%, which enabled broad testing for the virus to be abandoned and switching to economically more favourable serological surveillance with vaccination being prohibited. By the end of 2020, more than 99.5% of all cattle farms in Switzerland were free of BVDV but eliminating the last remaining PI animals turned out to be a tougher nut to crack. In this review, we describe the Swiss BVD eradication scheme and the hurdles that were encountered and still remain during the implementation of the programme. The main challenge is to rapidly identify the source of infection in case of a positive result during antibody surveillance, and to efficiently protect the cattle population from re-infection, particularly in light of the endemic presence of the related pestivirus border disease virus (BDV) in sheep. As a consequence of these measures, complete eradication will (hopefully) soon be achieved, and the final step will then be the continuous documentation of freedom of disease.

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A meta-analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences in the global cattle population

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-018-32831-2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Bettina Scharnböck ◽

Franz-Ferdinand Roch ◽

Veronika Richter ◽

Carsten Funke ◽

Clair L. Firth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Cattle Population ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽

Diarrhoea Virus

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Seroprevalence of antibodies for bovine viral diarrhoea virus, Brucella abortus and Neospora caninum, and their roles in the incidence of abortion/foetal loss in dairy cattle herds in Nakuru District, Kenya

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-019-1842-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tequiero Abuom Okumu ◽

Njenga Munene John ◽

James K. Wabacha ◽

Victor Tsuma ◽

John VanLeeuwen

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Brucella Abortus ◽

Neospora Caninum ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽

Foetal Loss ◽

Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Cattle Herds

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Co-infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus and Anaplasma marginale in a dairy cattle herd may lead to acute bovine anaplasmosis

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/252/2015-vetmed ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 504-515

Author(s):

A. Szabara ◽

J. Majer ◽

L. Ozsvari ◽

C. Jakab ◽

W. Baumgartner

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Anaplasma Marginale ◽

Cattle Herd ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Dairy Cattle Herd

This report describes an acute exacerbation of subclinical anaplasmosis manifesting itself in clinical signs in a large number of animals after infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The simultaneous transmission of BVDV and Anaplasma was unintended and most likely the result of a vaccination operation in a large Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle herd in Hungary. From Day 35 after the first vaccination, a total of 33 cows developed fever, depression, general weakness, lack of appetite, a sudden drop of milk production, anaemia, icterus, and tachypnoea on exercise. In addition, a total of seven abortions and three stillbirths occurred. Between Days 30 and 35 after the second vaccination four cows showed clinical signs typical of anaplasmosis, and two stillbirths occurred. The presence of Anaplasma marginale infection was demonstrated by haematological, biochemical, PCR and haemocytological examinations of blood samples collected from animals showing clinical signs as well as by necropsy. To assess the prevalence of infection in the herd, a specified number of animals belonging to different age groups were subjected to serological tests. The rate of seropositive animals was substantially higher (50%) in the older (3- to 4-year-old and more than 4-year-old) age groups than in the younger cows (10–30%). This study has demonstrated for the first time that if bovine animals susceptible to both A. marginale and BVDV are infected by the two pathogens roughly at the same time, the immunosuppressive effect of BVDV will support the progression of A. marginale infection and manifestation of the disease resulting in acute clinical signs.

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