The segregation of semantic and phonological processing in the inferior frontal gyrus

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. S53
Author(s):  
K Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Motor theory modulated by task load: strategies of phonological processing in frontal aphasia revealed by tDCS over the LIFG

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lílian Rodrigues de Almeida ◽  
Paul A. Pope ◽  
Peter Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Cathodal Tdcs ◽  
The Individual

In our previous studies we supported the claim that the motor theory is modulated by task load. Motoric participation in phonological processing increases from speech perception to speech production, with the endpoints of the dorsal stream having changing and complementary weightings for processing: the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) being increasingly relevant and the left superior temporal gyrus (LSTG) being decreasingly relevant. Our previous results for neurostimulation of the LIFG support this model. In this study we investigated whether our claim that the motor theory is modulated by task load holds in (frontal) aphasia. Person(s) with aphasia (PWA) after stroke typically have damage on brain areas responsible for phonological processing. They may present variable patterns of recovery and, consequently, variable strategies of phonological processing. Here these strategies were investigated in two PWA with simultaneous fMRI and tDCS of the LIFG during speech perception and speech production tasks. Anodal tDCS excitation and cathodal tDCS inhibition should increase with the relevance of the target for the task. Cathodal tDCS over a target of low relevance could also induce compensation by the remaining nodes. Responses of PWA to tDCS would further depend on their pattern of recovery. Responses would depend on the responsiveness of the perilesional area, and could be weaker than in controls due to an overall hypoactivation of the cortex. Results suggest that the analysis of motor codes for articulation during phonological processing remains in frontal aphasia and that tDCS is a promising diagnostic tool to investigate the individual processing strategies.

Neural deficits in auditory phonological processing in Chinese children with English reading impairment

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIANGZHI MENG ◽  
HANLIN YOU ◽  
MEIXIA SONG ◽  
AMY S. DESROCHES ◽  
ZHENGKE WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Reading Impairment ◽  
English Reading ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Esl Learners

Auditory phonological processing skills are critical for successful reading development in English not only in native (L1) speakers but also in second language (L2) learners. However, the neural deficits of auditory phonological processing remain unknown in English-as-the-second-language (ESL) learners with reading difficulties. Here we investigated neural responses during spoken word rhyme judgments in typical and impaired ESL readers in China. The impaired readers showed comparable activation in the left superior temporal gyrus (LSTG), but reduced activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and left fusiform and reduced connectivity between the LSTG and left fusiform when compared to typical readers. These findings suggest that impaired ESL readers have relative intact representations but impaired manipulation of phonology and reduced or absent automatic access to orthographic representations. This is consistent with previous findings in native English speakers and suggests a common neural mechanism underlying English impairment across the L1 and L2 learners.

scholarly journals Prefrontal Cortical Response to Conflict during Semantic and Phonological Tasks

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 761-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Snyder ◽  
Keith Feigenson ◽  
Sharon L. Thompson-Schill
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
General Function ◽  
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Specific Effects

Debates about the function of the prefrontal cortex are as old as the field of neuropsychology—often dated to Paul Broca's seminal work. Theories of the functional organization of the prefrontal cortex can be roughly divided into those that describe organization by process and those that describe organization by material. Recent studies of the function of the posterior, left inferior frontal gyrus (pLIFG) have yielded two quite different interpretations: One hypothesis holds that the pLIFG plays a domain-specific role in phonological processing, whereas another hypothesis describes a more general function of the pLIFG in cognitive control. In the current study, we distinguish effects of increasing cognitive control demands from effects of phonological processing. The results support the hypothesized role for the pLIFG in cognitive control, and more task-specific roles for posterior areas in phonology and semantics. Thus, these results suggest an alternative explanation of previously reported phonology-specific effects in the pLIFG.

Contemporary model of language organization: an overview for neurosurgeons

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Chang ◽  
Kunal P. Raygor ◽  
Mitchel S. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Dorsal Pathway ◽  
Subcortical Mapping

Classic models of language organization posited that separate motor and sensory language foci existed in the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) and superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area), respectively, and that connections between these sites (arcuate fasciculus) allowed for auditory-motor interaction. These theories have predominated for more than a century, but advances in neuroimaging and stimulation mapping have provided a more detailed description of the functional neuroanatomy of language. New insights have shaped modern network-based models of speech processing composed of parallel and interconnected streams involving both cortical and subcortical areas. Recent models emphasize processing in “dorsal” and “ventral” pathways, mediating phonological and semantic processing, respectively. Phonological processing occurs along a dorsal pathway, from the posterosuperior temporal to the inferior frontal cortices. On the other hand, semantic information is carried in a ventral pathway that runs from the temporal pole to the basal occipitotemporal cortex, with anterior connections. Functional MRI has poor positive predictive value in determining critical language sites and should only be used as an adjunct for preoperative planning. Cortical and subcortical mapping should be used to define functional resection boundaries in eloquent areas and remains the clinical gold standard. In tracing the historical advancements in our understanding of speech processing, the authors hope to not only provide practicing neurosurgeons with additional information that will aid in surgical planning and prevent postoperative morbidity, but also underscore the fact that neurosurgeons are in a unique position to further advance our understanding of the anatomy and functional organization of language.

scholarly journals The Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Phonological Processing: An Investigation using rTMS

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Nixon ◽  
Jenia Lazarova ◽  
Iona Hodinott-Hill ◽  
Patricia Gough ◽  
Richard Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Language Areas

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) offers a powerful new technique for investigating the distinct contributions of the cortical language areas. We have used this method to examine the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in phonological processing and verbal working memory. Functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the posterior part of the left IFG in both phonological decision making and subvocal rehearsal mechanisms, but imaging is a correlational method and it is therefore necessary to determine whether this region is essential for such processes. In this paper we present the results of two experiments in which rTMS was applied over the frontal operculum while subjects performed a delayed phonological matching task. We compared the effects of disrupting this area either during the delay (memory) phase or at the response (decision) phase of the task. Delivered at a time when subjects were required to remember the sound of a visually presented word, rTMS impaired the accuracy with which they subsequently performed the task. However, when delivered later in the trial, as the subjects compared the remembered word with a given pseudoword, rTMS did not impair accuracy. Performance by the same subjects on a control task that required the processing of nonverbal visual stimuli was unaffected by the rTMS. Similarly, performance on both tasks was unaffected by rTMS delivered over a more anterior site (pars triangularis). We conclude that the opercular region of the IFG is necessary for the normal operation of phonologically based working memory mechanisms. Furthermore, this study shows that rTMS can shed further light on the precise role of cortical language areas in humans.

scholarly journals The Neural Correlates of Semantic and Grammatical Encoding During Sentence Production in a Second Language: Evidence From an fMRI Study Using Structural Priming

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Nakagawa ◽  
Takahiko Koike ◽  
Motofumi Sumiya ◽  
Koji Shimada ◽  
Kai Makita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
English Learners ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Double Object ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Prepositional Object ◽  
Linguistic Process

Japanese English learners have difficulty speaking Double Object (DO; give B A) than Prepositional Object (PO; give A to B) structures which neural underpinning is unknown. In speaking, syntactic and phonological processing follow semantic encoding, conversion of non-verbal mental representation into a structure suitable for expression. To test whether DO difficulty lies in linguistic or prelinguistic process, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thirty participants described cartoons using DO or PO, or simply named them. Greater reaction times and error rates indicated DO difficulty. DO compared with PO showed parieto-frontal activation including left inferior frontal gyrus, reflecting linguistic process. Psychological priming in PO produced immediately after DO and vice versa compared to after control, indicated shared process between PO and DO. Cross-structural neural repetition suppression was observed in occipito-parietal regions, overlapping the linguistic system in pre-SMA. Thus DO and PO share prelinguistic process, whereas linguistic process imposes overload in DO.

scholarly journals Magnetoencephalography resting-state correlates of executive and language components of verbal fluency

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Oswald ◽  
Younes Zerouali ◽  
Aubrée Boulet-Craig ◽  
Maja Krajinovic ◽  
Caroline Laverdière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Verbal Test ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Right

AbstractVerbal fluency (VF) is a heterogeneous cognitive function that requires executive as well as language abilities. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the specificity of the resting state MEG correlates of the executive and language components. To this end, we administered a VF test, another verbal test (Vocabulary), and another executive test (Trail Making Test), and we recorded 5-min eyes-open resting-state MEG data in 28 healthy participants. We used source-reconstructed spectral power estimates to compute correlation/anticorrelation MEG clusters with the performance at each test, as well as with the advantage in performance between tests, across individuals using cluster-level statistics in the standard frequency bands. By obtaining conjunction clusters between verbal fluency scores and factor loading obtained for verbal fluency and each of the two other tests, we showed a core of slow clusters (delta to beta) localized in the right hemisphere, in adjacent parts of the premotor, pre-central and post-central cortex in the mid-lateral regions related to executive monitoring. We also found slow parietal clusters bilaterally and a cluster in the gamma 2 and 3 bands in the left inferior frontal gyrus likely associated with phonological processing involved in verbal fluency.

scholarly journals Neural bases of phonological and semantic processing in early childhood

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avantika Mathur ◽  
Douglas Schultz ◽  
Yingying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Neural Bases

AbstractDuring the early period of reading development, children gain phonological (letter-to-sound mapping) and semantic knowledge (storage and retrieval of word meaning). Their reading ability changes rapidly, accompanied by their learning-induced brain plasticity as they learn to read. This study aims to identify the specialization of phonological and semantic processing in early childhood using a combination of univariate and multivariate pattern analysis. Nineteen typically developing children between the age of five to seven performed visual word-level phonological (rhyming) and semantic (related meaning) judgment tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. Our multivariate analysis showed that young children with good reading ability have already recruited the left hemispheric regions in the brain for phonological processing, including the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), superior and middle temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus. Additionally, our multivariate results suggested that the sub-regions of the left IFG were specialized for different tasks. Our results suggest the left lateralization of fronto-temporal regions for phonological processing and bilateral activations of parietal regions for semantic processing during early childhood. Our findings indicate that the neural bases of reading have already begun to be shaped in early childhood for typically developing children, which can be used as a control baseline for comparison of children at-risk for reading difficulties.

scholarly journals Reading skill correlates in frontal cortex during semantic and phonological processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Brozdowski ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Reading Skill ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms

Previous studies have generally shown that reading skill is related to a left hemisphere network involving temporal, parietal, or frontal components. A limitation of many of these studies, however, is the neuroimaging of a single reading task, so we know less about how skill modulates the engagement of reading network during various reading tasks. Within the connectionist model, reading engages both phonological and semantic processing regardless of whether it is for pronunciation or meaning. Both target [i.e., ortho-phonological (OP) or ortho-semantic (OS) ] and non-target [i.e., ortho-phono-semantic (OPS) or ortho-sem-phonological (OSP)] paths are likely simultaneously involved in reading. However, readers may vary in their division of labor across target and non-target paths as a function of task and reading skill. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine how skill modulates the neural mechanism of reading depending on the task. Children (aged 8 to 15) were given two reading tasks, namely, a rhyming judgment task tapping into orthographic-to-phonological mapping and a meaning judgment task tapping into orthographic-to-semantic mapping. Brain activation during these two reading tasks was then correlated with reading skill. Consistent with previous research showing functional separation of the dorsal versus ventral left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), we found that better readers showed greater engagement of the opercularis for the rhyming task, whereas they showed a trend for greater engagement of the triangularis for the meaning task. A novel component of the study was to determine whether these skill related regions identified during the reading tasks were also correlated with activation during parallel rhyming and meaning tasks in the auditory modality. We found that better readers only reliably showed greater engagement of opercularis during auditory phonological processing, but there were trends for overall greater engagement of frontal regions with increasing skill. We did not find evidence for compensatory mechanisms for lower skill readers, either in the left or right hemisphere. Taken together, our study suggests some specificity of the frontal cortex for phonological versus semantic processing during reading, but that more effective access to posterior representations by the frontal cortex seems to be a general characteristic of better readers

scholarly journals The neural correlates of semantic and grammatical encoding during sentence production in a second language: evidence from an fMRI study using syntactic priming

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Nakagawa ◽  
Takahiko Koike ◽  
Motofumi Sumiya ◽  
Koji Shimada ◽  
Kai Makita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
English Learners ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Double Object ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Prepositional Object ◽  
Linguistic Process

Japanese English learners have difficulty speaking Double Object (DO; give B A) than Prepositional Object (PO; give A to B) structures which neural underpinning is unknown. In speaking, syntactic and phonological processing follow semantic encoding, conversion of non-verbal mental representation into a structure suitable for expression. To test whether DO difficulty lies in linguistic or prelinguistic process, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thirty participants described cartoons using DO or PO, or simply named them. Greater reaction times and error rates indicated DO difficulty. DO compared with PO showed parieto-frontal activation including left inferior frontal gyrus, reflecting linguistic process. Psychological priming in PO produced immediately after DO and vice versa compared to after control, indicated shared process between PO and DO. Cross-structural neural repetition suppression was observed in occipito-parietal regions, overlapping the linguistic system in pre-SMA. Thus DO and PO share prelinguistic process, whereas linguistic process imposes overload in DO.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document