The Neural Correlates of Semantic and Grammatical Encoding During Sentence Production in a Second Language: Evidence From an fMRI Study Using Structural Priming

Japanese English learners have difficulty speaking Double Object (DO; give B A) than Prepositional Object (PO; give A to B) structures which neural underpinning is unknown. In speaking, syntactic and phonological processing follow semantic encoding, conversion of non-verbal mental representation into a structure suitable for expression. To test whether DO difficulty lies in linguistic or prelinguistic process, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thirty participants described cartoons using DO or PO, or simply named them. Greater reaction times and error rates indicated DO difficulty. DO compared with PO showed parieto-frontal activation including left inferior frontal gyrus, reflecting linguistic process. Psychological priming in PO produced immediately after DO and vice versa compared to after control, indicated shared process between PO and DO. Cross-structural neural repetition suppression was observed in occipito-parietal regions, overlapping the linguistic system in pre-SMA. Thus DO and PO share prelinguistic process, whereas linguistic process imposes overload in DO.

Errors in the application of language rules of legislative texts formation

Errors in the application of language rules of the legislative texts formation are the result of a complex logical and linguistic process. The rules of logic in texts of law form the basis of a legislative text, and are the framework, on which the legislative text is based on language rules. Compliance with language requirements ensures certainty and consistency, and the logic of the presentation of legal material, in turn, contributes to its accuracy and clarity. The logic of constructing a law is impossible without the logic of its language, and vice versa. The legal ways to eliminate errors in the application of language rules for the formation of legislative texts are: a) the distribution of the whole range of errors in the application of language rules for drafting legislative texts into general, terminological, syntactic and stylistic; b) effective use of legislative techniques as a system of tools and rules for creating laws and their systematization, which must be carried out in accordance with certain rules (legal structures, language tools, digital expressions, rules for setting out the norms of law in articles of law, rules for constructing law, rules of logic etc); c) normative consolidation of the requirements of the legislative style in the form of a hierarchy of division into general and special-legal. The general requirements include: 1) coherence and consistency of legislative texts, the absence of tautological errors; 2) accuracy and clarity, which means the quality of a legisltive text; 3) simplicity of presentation of a legislative text, which means the unambiguity of the text; 4) conciseness and compactness of a legislative text. Special legal requirements give normative quality to a legislative text. Among which it is possible to single out: 1) requirements in the field of nature of the prescription; 2) language standardization as an independent requirement for a legislative text; 3) the requirement of composition (graphicity) of a legislative text

TAṬWĪR AL-GANĪ LI AL-AṬFĀL LI TARQIYYATI ISTI'ĀB AL MUFRADĀT AL-'ARABIYYAH

Singing is one of the activities that children prefer almost all children listen to the songs they listen to, especially if the singing is followed by physical movements Almost all children listen to the songs they listen to, especially if the singing is followed by physical movements. Vocabulary is an essential component of language and it plays an important role in the linguistic process, both verbally and in writing there is no doubt that it makes singing a teaching method for teaching Arabic vocabulary, especially in the elementary stage. the method used in this research, it is the method of research, development and experimental, with qualitative and quantitative input, The researcher used the developmental research steps of Sogiyono, but the researcher only performed five steps It is an arbitration of experts and makes this arbitration to know the validity of the developed songs for children in teaching vocabulary to the pupils of the elementary school Normal Islam Rasyidiyah Khalidiyah Amuntai.

The neural correlates of semantic and grammatical encoding during sentence production in a second language: evidence from an fMRI study using syntactic priming

Japanese English learners have difficulty speaking Double Object (DO; give B A) than Prepositional Object (PO; give A to B) structures which neural underpinning is unknown. In speaking, syntactic and phonological processing follow semantic encoding, conversion of non-verbal mental representation into a structure suitable for expression. To test whether DO difficulty lies in linguistic or prelinguistic process, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thirty participants described cartoons using DO or PO, or simply named them. Greater reaction times and error rates indicated DO difficulty. DO compared with PO showed parieto-frontal activation including left inferior frontal gyrus, reflecting linguistic process. Psychological priming in PO produced immediately after DO and vice versa compared to after control, indicated shared process between PO and DO. Cross-structural neural repetition suppression was observed in occipito-parietal regions, overlapping the linguistic system in pre-SMA. Thus DO and PO share prelinguistic process, whereas linguistic process imposes overload in DO.

Nominalization in TIV

Nominalization is a linguistic process of deriving nouns from other word classes or linguistic units. Nominalization is evident in many languages of the world. The Tiv language also exhibits nominalization. This paper critically analyses nominalization in Tiv. The objectives of the paper are: to determine the processes through which nominalization takes place in the Tiv language, the extent to which the processes of nominalization are productive in the Tiv language, and the classes of words and linguistic units that are nominalized in Tiv. Data were sourced from the native speakers of Tiv using the researcher – participant technique. The researchers documented the lexical items used during the interaction, determine the basic components of the lexical items and the word classes such lexical items belonged to. The intuitive knowledge of the researchers as the native speakers of the language was harnessed. The secondary data were sourced from the already existing literatures such as textbooks, journals and the internet. The theory adopted in the paper is Hokett’s (1954) structural theory whose models are the Item-and-Process (I.P) and Item-and-Arrangement (I.P). It has been found out that the processes through which nominalization takes in the Tiv language are prefixation, prefixation plus some modifications, tonality and desententialization (sentence deconstruction). These processes are discovered to be very productive in nominalization in Tiv. It has also been found out that verbs roots and adjectives are the classes of words that are nominalized (lexical nominalization) in the Tiv language together with sentences (syntactic nominalization).

Development for performance of Porter stemmer algorithm

The Porter stemmer algorithm is a broadly used, however, an essential tool for natural language processing in the area of information access. Stemming is used to remove words that add the final morphological and diacritical endings of words in English words to their root form to extract the word root, i.e. called stem/root in the primary text processing stage. In other words, it is a linguistic process that simply extracts the main part that may be close to the relative and related root. Text classification is a major task in extracting relevant information from a large volume of data. In this paper, we suggest ways to improve a version of the Porter algorithm with the aim of processing and overcome its limitations and to save time and memory by reducing the size of the words. The system uses the improved Porter derivation technique for word pruning. Whereas performs cognitive-inspired computing to discover morphologically related words from the corpus without any human intervention or language-specific knowledge. The improved Porter algorithm is compared to the original stemmer. The improved Porter algorithm has better performance and enables more accurate information retrieval (IR).

Experimental approach of the prosodic component in the linguistic input of gardenpath sentences in Brazilian Portuguese

This study investigates what part the prosodic component plays in linguistic processing. Can prosodic cues be computed early in the linguistic process and influence the syntactic processing? Some studies in American English (Kjelgaard&Speer, 1999; DeDe 2010) and German (Steinhaueret al 1999) have shown that yes, furthermore, prosodic elements like intonational phrases can modify the syntactic chain during processing. Our work is based on the premises that, during the perceptive processing, an early activation of the prosodic component in the linguistic input can lead the sentence’s syntactic structure.There have been studies in Brazilian Portuguese that show how prosody influences parsing (Lourenço-Gomes 2008; Magalhães& Maia 2006), however, none that tested the effects of prosodic constituents’ organization in online tasks.

ПРАВОПИСНА КОМПЕТЕНТНІСТЬ ЯК ЕЛЕМЕНТ ПРОФЕСІОГРАМИ ВИКЛАДАЧА ЛІНГВІСТИЧНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН

The article focuses on spelling competence as a component of a lecturer’s professiogram in the field of linguistics disciplines. In particular, the authors analyze how psycholinguistic factors form the current pedagogical competence. The professiogram of a lecturer in the educational paradigm covers such characteristics as competence, professionalism, and mastery, as well as the conditions of its acquisition, development, and criteria for evaluation. Spelling competence in the structure of the professional language-communicative competence of a philologist is a part of several “subsystems”: spelling competence → linguistic competence → professional lingo-communicative competence. It is also a complex formation, which contains cognitive, operational, active, valuesemantic, and behavioral components. The current article reveals the phenomenon of speech in connection with the deployment of spelling skills. Its development involves the transformation of external speech into the internal, when the reproduction of a word’s image occurs automatically, and the actual linguistic process remains outside the consciousness.

The impact of emotional content on pseudoword recognition

The present study investigates the influence of emotional information on language processing. To this aim, we measured behavioral responses and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during four Italian lexical decision experiments in which we used emotionally intense and neutral pseudowords—i.e., pseudowords derived from changing one letter in a word (e.g., cammelto, derived from cammello ‘camel’ vs. copezzolo, from capezzolo ‘nipple’)—as stimuli. In Experiment 1 and 2, half of the pseudowords were emotionally intense and half were neutral, and were mixed with neutral words. In Experiment 3, the list composition was manipulated, with ¼ of the pseudowords being derived from emotionally intense words and ¾ derived from neutral words. Experiment 4 was identical to Experiment 1, but ERPs were recorded. Emotionally intense pseudowords were categorized more slowly than neutral pseudowords, with the difference emerging both in the mean and at the leading edge of the response times distribution. Moreover, emotionally intense pseudowords elicited smaller N170 and N400 than neutral pseudowords. These results speak in favor of a fast and multi-level infiltration of the emotional information into the linguistic process of word recognition.

Problematising the restoration of trust through transparency: Focusing on quoting

Transparency is seen as a panacea for a major problem facing journalism and journalists today, that is, the loss of trust and credibility. However, the scholarly literature has focused primarily on normative considerations, without providing much empirical data that could confirm what are widely assumed to be the positive effects of transparency. In this paper, I argue, first, that editorial texts, in their various manifestations, are the most potent of the various established means of displaying transparency for opening up the production of news item. However, I then draw on my linguistic, process-focused research on quoting and highlight challenges this process creates for the use of editorial texts in the pursuit of transparency. It turns out that conveying the essentials of decision-making that occurs during newswriting requires profound understanding and awareness of the interplay between modalities, co-texts and contexts of language use. Finally, implementing the norm of transparency has allegedly led to the transformation of a well-intentioned goal into an institutional myth, leading journalists – constrained, for example, by the mechanism of impression management – to disclose only socially acceptable practices. Therefore, I conclude by arguing for transdisciplinary research in which scholars research ‘on, for and with’ (Perrin, 2018) other stakeholders in order to bring about a fundamental change in the culture of transparency in journalism.