scholarly journals Updated estimates of typhoid fever burden in sub-Saharan Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. e969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Hoon Kim ◽  
Vittal Mogasale ◽  
Justin Im ◽  
Enusa Ramani ◽  
Florian Marks
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

Phytochemical investigation of the antisalmonellal effect of Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. (Cyperaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napoleon A. Mfonku ◽  
Gabriel T. Kamsu ◽  
Norbert Kodjio ◽  
Jie Ren ◽  
James A. Mbah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation ◽  
Methylene Chloride Extract ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Typhoid fever is a major health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. Conventional anti-typhoid drugs are becoming more and more unavailable to most patients in Africa due to the increased costs and emerging drug resistance. Therefore, there is a need for discovery of new antimicrobial agents to combat typhoid fever. Objective: This work aimed to investigate the bioactive components in Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. (Cyperaceae) and test the antisalmonellal activity of the isolated compounds. Methods: Compound purification was done through column chromatography. Structure elucidation was accomplished based on the 1D and 2D NMR, IR and mass spectra. The biological assay was done using five bacterial strains, including Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi ATCC 6539 (STS), S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi (ST), S. enteritidis (STE), S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhimurim (STM), and a resistant isolate of S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi (ST566). Results: Three natural products were isolated from the methylene chloride extract of the rhizomes of C. sphacelatus, including a new furanoquinone, scabequinon-6(14)-ene (1) and two known compounds, cyperotundone (2) and vanillin (3). Compound 1 showed moderate antisalmonellal activity, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 µg/mL against STM and STS. The best inhibitory result was obtained with compound 2 on STM with a MIC of 8 µg/mL. Compound 2 also gave the best minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 32 µg/mL on the STM strain. Conclusion: Discovery of the three antisalmonellal compounds from C. sphacelatus supports the addition of this plant to typhoid fever preparations.

scholarly journals The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program: Study Design and Methodology to Assess Disease Severity, Host Immunity, and Carriage Associated With Invasive Salmonellosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. S422-S434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Eun Park ◽  
Trevor Toy ◽  
Ligia Maria Cruz Espinoza ◽  
Ursula Panzner ◽  
Ondari D Mogeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Background Invasive salmonellosis is a common community-acquired bacteremia in persons residing in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a paucity of data on severe typhoid fever and its associated acute and chronic host immune response and carriage. The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program, a multicountry surveillance study, aimed to address these research gaps and contribute to the control and prevention of invasive salmonellosis. Methods A prospective healthcare facility–based surveillance with active screening of enteric fever and clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with complications was performed using a standardized protocol across the study sites in Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria. Defined inclusion criteria were used for screening of eligible patients for enrollment into the study. Enrolled patients with confirmed invasive salmonellosis by blood culture or patients with clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with perforation were eligible for clinical follow-up. Asymptomatic neighborhood controls and immediate household contacts of each case were enrolled as a comparison group to assess the level of Salmonella-specific antibodies and shedding patterns. Healthcare utilization surveys were performed to permit adjustment of incidence estimations. Postmortem questionnaires were conducted in medically underserved areas to assess death attributed to invasive Salmonella infections in selected sites. Results Research data generated through SETA aimed to address scientific knowledge gaps concerning the severe typhoid fever and mortality, long-term host immune responses, and bacterial shedding and carriage associated with natural infection by invasive salmonellae. Conclusions SETA supports public health policy on typhoid immunization strategy in Africa.

scholarly journals The phylogeography and incidence of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Eun Park ◽  
Duy Thanh Pham ◽  
Christine Boinett ◽  
Vanessa K. Wong ◽  
Gi Deok Pak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Vaccination for typhoid fever in Sub-Saharan Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Slayton ◽  
Kashmira Date ◽  
Eric Mintz
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Vaccination for typhoid fever in Sub-Saharan Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2316-2316
Author(s):  
Subhash C. Arya ◽  
Nirmala Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Assessment of the Prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid Fever among Apparently Healthy Undergraduates

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Iyevhobu Kenneth Oshiokhayamhe ◽  
Obodo Basil Nnaemeka ◽  
Irobonosen Osaze Israel ◽  
Ken-Iyevhobu Benedicta Agumeile
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Male Subjects

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person’s circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broadband around the equator, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americans Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal. The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 9 (%) and 21 (21%) respectively. The distribution of this result was statistically significant (p<0.05; X2=4.745). The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 6 (6%) and 4 (4%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.105). The result showed that prevalence of the co-infection in both male and female are 3 (3%) and 2 (2%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.205). The result showed that co-infection was negatively correlated with typhoid fever in both male (r=-0.055) and female (r=-0.074) subjects. Also co infection was negatively correlated with malaria for male subjects (r=-0.044) while it is positively correlated with the female subjects (r=0.335). Similarly typhoid fever was negatively correlated with malaria in both male (r=-0.079) and females (r=-0.105) subjects. Conclusively, the results in this study showed that the prevalence of malaria and typhoid co-infections are low which means the no association was found between malaria and typhoid fever infections within the study area. Hence one cannot actually say that malaria may predispose to typhoid fever. Also cross reacting antigens are widely distributed in the microbial world and since there will always be repeated exposures to salmonella species in endemic regions, increased efforts should be made to find a better, more rapid, sensitive and specific clinical and cultural methods.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

Mortality and Society in Sub-Saharan Africa

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-556
Author(s):  
Lado Ruzicka
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan
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